50%) and healthy volunteers(n=50, age and gender matched). IMT measurement, calibrated IBS(C-IBS, C-IBS=intima-media IBS-adventitia IBS) analysis and brachial artery EDV measurement were done with 7.5 MHz transducer of SONOS HP 5500, and the results were compared in the 5 groups. Results:IMT was similar in hypertensive, DM and hypertensive combined with DM groups, thicker than that in healthy volunteers(P

Objective To establish a method for determination of the twelve residual organic solvents,including methanol,ethanol,acetone,isopropanol,tert-Butyl methyl ether,dichloromethane,aceticether,tetrahydrofuran,triethylamine,trimethylorthofor-Mate,morpholine,N,N-Dimethylformamide in Apixaban bulks drug.Methods Gas head-space chromatography was applied to this study.The column was DB-624 silica capillary column (30.0 m × 0.53 mm × 3.00 μm) and the carrier gas was high purity nitrogen;The vial temperature was 100 ℃,and the vial time was 20 min.The Column temperature was kept at 40 ℃ for 6 min,then the temperature was raised to 220 ℃ at the rate of 20 ℃/min and subsequently sustained for 10 min.FID detector temperature and injection temperature were both 250 ℃.The N2 flow rate was 2.8 mL/min.Split ratio was 5∶1.Results Twelve kinds of solvents were completely separated and determined with a good linearity (r =0.9994-0.9999).The RSD values of precision experiments and the average recovery was in line with the requirements.Conclusion Theanalytical method is simple,accurate and sensitive,which could be used for determination of residual organic solvents in Apixaban bulks drug.

Patients were divided into normal control, liver fibrosis and liver cirrhosis groups. The patients with cirrhosis were categorized according to the Child Pugh classification into Child A,Child B and Child C groups. The waveforms of the right hepatic vein were examined with ultrasonography. HV(hepatic vein)0 waveforms were found in all the control subjects, 70.8% in those with fibrosis and 40.7% in those with cirrhosis. HV1 were found in 16.7% of those with fibrosis and 17.8% of those with cirrhosis. HV2 were found in 12.5% of those with fibrosis and 41.5% of those with cirrhosis. Statistical analysis showed that HV2 waveforms were significantly more often in patients with cirrhosis than in those with fibrosis. HV2 waveforms in the right hepatic vein are suggestive of liver cirrhosis.

Objective To detect the endothelial dependent vasodilation function of brachial artery in renal allograft recipients. Methods Using high resolution ultrasound, the inner diameter and changes of diameter of brachial artery at rest, after reactive hyperemia and sublingual nitroglycerin were measured in 20 cyclosporine treated allograft recipients, 20 FK 506 treated allograft recipients and 20 controls, reactive hyperemia mediated vasodilation was measured to assess endothelial dependent vasodilation, nitroglycerin mediated vasodilation was measured to assess endothelial independent vasodilation, in order know if the endothelial function was injuried by comparing the endothelial dependent and endothelial independent vasodilation. Results After reactive hyperemia, the absolute and relative values(reactive increase) in brachial artery inner diameter were significantly reduced in renal allograft recipients, nitroglycerin mediated vasodilation was similar between renal allograft recipients and controls. There was no significant difference of the inner diameter of brachial artery in renal allograft recipients treated with cyclosporine and FK 506 after reactive hyperemia. Conclusions The endothelial dependent vasodilation function of brachial artery was injuried in renal allograft recipients.

Objective To evaluate the application value of three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (3D-STI) in quantitatively evaluating the left ventricular global strain in recipients within 3 months after renal transplantation. Methods Clinical data including blood pressure, serum creatinine and tacrolimus blood concentration of 34 renal transplant recipients were collected before operation, 7 d, 1 month and 3 months after operation, respectively. Meanwhile, conventional echocardiography and 3D-STI examination were performed. Echocardiographic parameters [left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)] and 3D-STI parameters [left ventricular global peak longitudinal strain (GPLS), global peak circumferential strain (GPCS), global peak radial strain (GPRS) and global peak area strain (GPAS)] of recipients were collected. The changes of these parameters before operation, 7 d, 1 month and 3 months after operation were statistically compared. The changing characteristic and application value of 3D-STI in quantitatively evaluating the left ventricular global strain in recipients within 3 months after renal transplantation were evaluated. Results LVEF and GPCS did not significantly differ at different time points (all P > 0.05), whereas LVEDV, LVESV, GPLS, GPAS and GPRS significantly differed at different time points from preoperative to within postoperative 3 months (all P < 0.001). GPLS, GPAS and GPRS trended to decline within postoperative 1 month, and slightly increased at 3 months after operation, which was still lower than the preoperative levels. Conclusions Application of 3D-STI may sensitively detect the changes of left ventricular global strain in recipients after renal transplantation when no significant variations are observed in postoperative LVEF. Compared with conventional echocardiography, 3D-STI may more accurately evaluate the changes of left ventricular global strain in recipients after renal transplantation.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of testa triticum tricum purif for the treatment of functional constipatiofi(FC) in the late middle-aged and elderly patients.Methods This study was designed as a multicenter randomized controlled trial.Patients who met Rome Ⅲ diagnostic criteria of FC were enrolled,with age between 55-85 years old.Those with organic diseases were excluded.The patients were randomly allocated to receive testa triticum tricum purif (3.5 g bid) or polyethylene glycol 4000 powder (PEG4000,10g bid) for 8 weeks,followed by single dose of maintenance therapy for 4 weeks.Follow-up visits were at 4 and 12 weeks after treatment discontinuation.The independent investigators in each center evaluated the constipation symptoms scores.The primary endpoints included rates of significant improvement,improvement and overall improvement at the end of 2,4 and 8 weeks of therapy,which were calculated by the reduction of symptom scores ≥ 75 ％,50％-74％,≥ 25 ％ respectively.Results A total of 127 FC subjects were enrolled from 3 centers,and 122 cases valid for final analysis.The mean age was (69.4 ± 6.9) years old,including 62 cases in testa triticum tricum purif group and 60 cases in PEG4000 group.The demographic data,constipated symptoms scores and proportion of FC subtypes at baseline were comparable.The rates of significant improvement,improvement and overall improvement in testa triticum tricum purif and PEG4000 groups at the end of 2,4 and 8 weeks were 37.70％ (23/61) vs 59.32％(35/59) (P=0.018),57.38％ (35/61)vs74.14％ (43/58) (P=0.054),and64.41％ (38/59)vs 79.31％ (46/58) (P =0.073) respectively.Testa triticum tricum purif therapy significantly improved the proportion of spontaneous bowel movement (SBM) ≥ 3 times/week from 43.55％ (27/62) to 80.33％ (49/61),83.61％ (51/61) and 93.22％ (55/59) at 2,4,and 8 weeks respectively (all P＜0.01),which were comparable with PEG4000 group (all P ＞ 0.05).The proportion of normalized stool forms in study group was significant higher than that of control group at the end of 8 weeks [86.44％ (51/59) vs 67.24％ (39/58),P =0.014].Only one patient complained mild abdominal distension during testa triticum tricum purif therapy.Conclusions The efficacy of testa triticum tricum purif for the treatment of FC in late middle-aged and older patients is comparable with osmotic laxatives PEG4000,which has significant effect on normalization of fecal forms and reliable safety.

Objective To analyze the consistency between constipated symptoms and the parameters of gastrointestinal transit time (GITT),anorectal manometry (ARM) in elderly patients with functional constipation.Methods Total 111 patients (54 males and 57 females) with an average age of (70.2±6.5) years,who met Rome Ⅲ criteria of functional constipation were enrolled from June 2010 to October 2012.After enrollment,patients took two-week diary,recording the spontaneous bowel movements per week,stool type of Bristol Stool Form,the frequency and severity of defecation straining,sensation of anorectal obstruction,manual maneuvers and sensation of incomplete evacuation.The GITT and ARM tests were performed,and the consistency between symptoms and test results were analyzed.Results Patients with symptoms of slow transit,defecation disorder and mixed symptoms were 19.8％ (22/111),16.2％ (18/ 111) and 59.5％ (66/111) respectively;and 4.5％ (5/111) patients had scattered symptoms.Based on results of GITT,slow transit subtype,defecation disorder subtype and mixed subtype were 54.1％ (59/109),1.8％ (2/ 109) and 29.4％ (32/109) respectively;and 14.7％ (16/109) patients were with normal transit time.ARM results showed that 38.0％ (41/109) of patients had dyssynergic defecation.The percentage of slow transit in GITT test showed no significant difference between patients with slow transit symptoms and mixed symptoms [50.0％ (11/22)vs.57.9％(33/57),x2=0.401,P=0.527].The consistency of predominant symptom with GITI subtype was low (κ=-0.013).The percentage of dyssynergic defecation detected with ARM showed no significant difference between patients with defecation disorder-predominant symptom and with mixed symptom [23.1％ (6/24)vs.38.2％ (21/55),x2=1.813,P=0.178].The consistency of defecation disorderpredominant symptom with dyssynergic defecation in ARM was low (κ=-0.019).Conclusion The mixed subtype symptoms are the most common presentations of elderly patients with functional constipation,and the consistency of predominant constipated symptoms with GITI,ARM test results is poor.

Objective To investigate the value of three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (3D-STI) in quantitative evaluation of left ventricular global strain in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) before and after transcatheter closure.Methods Totally 35 patients with secondary ASD who received successful transcatheter occlusion were selected.Routine echocardiography and 3D-STI examination were performed before the operation,2 days,1 month,3 months and 6 months after the operation.Routine echocardiography was used to obtain the parameters of left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD),left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVEDS),left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV),left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV),stroke volume (SV) and other parameters.The left ventricular global peak longitudinal strain (GPLS),left ventricular global peak circumferential strain (GPCS),left ventricular global peak radial strain (GPRS) and left ventricular global peak area strain (GPAS) were examined with 3D-STI.The preoperative and postoperative parameters at each time point were analyzed statistically.Results Routine echocardiography showed that LVEDD,LVEDS,LVEDV,LVESV and SV increased significantly after operation,but no significant difference was found to compare each other 2 days,1 month,3 months and 6 months after operation (all P＞0.05).3D-STI examination showed that left ventricular GPLS,GPCS,GPRS and GPAS increased after operation,and the most increase was noticed at the second day after transcatheter occlusion.GPLS,GPCS and GPAS 6 months after operation were larger than those 3 months after operation (all P＞0.05).Conclusion 3D-STI technique can evaluate the left ventricular global strain in patients with ASD before and after occlusion.Compared with conventional echocardiography,3D-STI technique can objectively and effectively evaluate the changes of left ventricular systolic function.

Objective: To explore the application of real-time three-dimensional ultrasound in locating the course, the brand and the blind end of internal opening of congenital preauricular fistula. Methods: Congenital preauricular fistula patients from Changhai Hospital were studied. All the cases were evaluated using two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound before surgeries. The surgery findings were utilized as the gold standard. The imaging features of 3D ultrasound were described to determine the accuracy of the blind end location, the course of the main fistula tract and the branch tracts. The diagnosis was compared with the surgery findings. Results: In 89 cases, among which there were 21 branch fistulae. There were 68 bend fistulae without branch. The diagnostic accuracy of both two-dimensional ultrasound and three-dimensional ultrasound was 100%. The accuracy in locating the blind end of internal opening, the course of the branch tracts with 3D ultrasound was 92.1%(82/89), 85.7%(18/21) , compared to 80.9%(72/89), 57.1%(12/21) with 2D ultrasound. It was obvious that 3D ultrasound had more advantages. These differences were statistically significant (χ²=4.8, P<0.05; χ²=4.2, P<0.05). Conclusions Compared with 2D ultrasound, 3D ultrasound can accurately locate the blind end of internal opening, the course, and the branch of preauricular fistula, clearly display the morphology and the spatial structure of preauricular fistulaand its surroundings. It has high clinical application value in preoperative imaging examination.