Objective To investigate the dynamic changes and analyze the influencing factors of quality of life (QOL) among adult patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Methods Totally 143 HSCT patients were investigated by the common questionnaire, the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) and the Functional Assessment in Cancer Therapy—Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT) before checked in the purification bin,1 month post transplantation and 3 months post transplantation. Results The QOL were different among different time points of HSCT patients (P<0.05). Multiple factors analysis showed that the factors before checked in the purification bin including social support (OR=4.480, P=0.019), residence (OR=3.167, P=0.036) and disease diagnosis (OR=0.036, P=0.042). The factors 1 month post transplantation included social support (OR=3.573, P=0.018), whether or not the platelets were reconstructed during storage (OR=2.735, P=0.018) and whether there were transplant related complications (OR=0.214, P=0.016). The factors 3 month post transplantation included social support (OR=9.639, P<0.01) and whether there were transplant related complications (OR=0.167, P=0.003). Conclusions The QOL was low among HSCT patients, and it dynamically changed at different points. Social support is the only sustainable influencing factor of quality of life. This prompts us that we should pay abundant attention on social support and use it to improve the QOL of HSCT patients.