As a kind of the plant tissue cultures, hairy root culture is characterized by rapid growth without exogenous hormones source and high yield of secondary metabolites, which attracted the attention of scholars in resent years. This work systematically summarized the research of medicinal plant hairy roots, including the mechanism, current situation of medicinal plant hairy roots, and their applications.
Cell Culture Techniques ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; genetics ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; genetics ; growth & development ; metabolism

The volatile compounds of trogopterorum feces were collected by using a simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) equipment. The chemical composition of the enriched volatile was examined by means of capillary gas chromatography (GC) and combined GC-mass spectrometry (MS). Fifty one constituents of the volatile were preliminarily identified by GC-MS, which amounted to 56.3% of the total peak area. Of these compounds, 33 were further verified by measuring their temperature-programmed retention indexes (TPRI) or retention times. They amounted to 35.7 % of the total peak areas. The main constituents of the volatile are dedecanoic acid (7.00%);alphacedrol (4.41%); pyrazine, tetramethyl-(4. 10%); tetradecanoic acid (3.37%); ethanone, 1-(3-methylphenyl)- (2.53%); benzaldehyde (2.42%); phenol, 2-methoxy-(2.11% ). The compound classes consist of alcohols (10), ketones (8), aldehydes (6), olefines (5), acids (4), and phenols (4).

Sphingolipids are structural components of cellular membranes.Their metabolites,such as ceramide,sphingosine,and sphingosine 1-phosphate are important bioactive molecules,which act as the first or second messengers regulating various cellular activities,including proliferation,survival,migration and neovascularization in vitro and in vivo tumor models.Sphingosine kinases 1(SPK1) is a critical regulator of the balance between ceramide and S1P.Recent studies show that ceramide,SPK1 and S1P can regulate many of the hallmarks of cancer.These studies suggest that these metabolites can serve as novel targets for cancer therapy.

Objective To carry out a systematic study on the chemical constituents in the fruits of Momordica grosvenori. Methods To isolate pure compounds by using repeated column chromatography, while the structure of a new compound was determined by detailed spectral analysis. Results Four cucurbitane triterpenoid glycosides, mogroside Ⅱ_E(Ⅰ), mogroside Ⅲ(Ⅱ), grosmomoside Ⅰ (Ⅲ), and mogroside Ⅴ (Ⅳ) were isolated from the 50% ethanolic extract of the fruits of M. grosvenori. Conclusion Grosmomoside Ⅰ is a new compound identified as mogrol-3-O-?-D-glucopyranoside-24-O-{[?-D-glucopyranosyl(2-1)]-[?-D-glucopyranosyl (6-1)]-?-D-galactopyranoside} and the other three compounds are known compounds.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Anemia, Aplastic ; blood ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Isoenzymes ; metabolism ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Protein Kinase C ; metabolism ; Protein Kinase C-theta ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; cytology ; Th1 Cells ; cytology ; Young Adult

Objective To summarize the contrast enhanced ultrasonographic (CEUS) features of benign focal liver lesions, on and to investigate the value of contrast enhanced ultrasound techniques in the diagnosis of benign focal liver lesion. Methods The contrast enhanced ultrasonographic performance of 68 benign focal liver lesions cases which were dififcult for routine ultrasound diagnosis and conifrmed by pathology or follow-up were retrospectively analyzed. Chi-square test of four-fold table were used to compare the diagnostic coincidence rate of conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Results The 68 cases of benign focal liver lesions included complex cysts (n=7), liver hydatids (n=2), liver abscess (n=15), focal nodular hyperplasia (n=8), angiomyolipoma (n=2), hepatocellular adenoma (n=4), focal fat accumulation (n=16), inlfammatory pseudotumor (n=12), solitary necrotic nodule (n=1), intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma (n=1). There were no enhancement among 7 complex cysts, 2 liver hydatids and 1 solitary necrotic nodule. Isoenhancement was detected in focal fat accumulation (n=16);hypoenhancement during the arterial phase and sustained enhancement during the portal or late phase was found in focal nodular hyperplasia (n=8) and angiomyolipoma (n=2). Grid-like enhancements during the arterial phase and isoenhancement or hypoenhancement during the portal phase, and hypoenhancement during the late phase was presented in liver abscess (n=15). Hyperenhancement during the arterial phase were detected in 4 cases of hepatocellular adenoma, 3 of which showed isoenhancement or hyperenhancement during the portal and delayed phase, one case showed hypoenhancement during the portal phase. Eight cases of all the inlfammatory pseudotumor showed no enhancement during all phases;3 cases showing grid enhancement during the arterial phase and the enhancement washed out rapidly;1 case showed mild edge enhancement during the arterial phase and hypoenhancement during the delayed phase. The solid part of the intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma showed hyperenhancement during the arterial phase and hypoenhancement during the portal and late phase.The central area showed no enhancement during all phase. The coincidence rate between pathology and conventional ultrasound diagnosis was 61.8%(42/68). The coincidence rate between pathology and contrast- enhanced ultrasound diagnosis was 92.6%(63/68). The coincidence rate of contrast-enhanced ultrasound diagnostic was higher than that of conventional ultrasound, with a statistically signiifcant difference (χ2=8.17, P < 0.01). Conclusion Real-time gray-scale contrast-enhanced sonography can improve the accuracy of the diagnosis and differential diagnosis for benign focal liver lesions.

Objective To study the topoanatomy of anterior perineal plane and adjoining tissue structure in the preparation of ultra-low anterior resection of the rectum. Methods Dissection was performed on 16 male cadavers of semi-pelvis sectioned in the saggital plane. Eight indexes were measured and recorded. Results Anterior perineal plane was clearly found in all 16 cadavers. The median distance of rectum-urethra (R-U) was 14 mm (ranging 10 -17 mm). The contour of perineal body was trapezoid,which was narrow cranially and broad caudally. The median width of cranial perineal body was 8 mm (ranging 6 -9 mm), while the median width of caudal perineal body was 21 mm (ranging 18 -23 mm).The median numerus of thickness of perineal body (TPB), thickness of puborectalis (TPR), arrterior wall of rectum (aPR) -D, pPR-D and width of pelvic diaphragm (WPD) were 20. 5 mm ( ranging 17 - 23 mm),12 mm(ranging 10 -16 mm), 25 mm(ranging 21 -27 mm), 20 mm(ranging 16 -23 mm) and 8 mm (ranging 6 - 10 mm) respectively. Conclusions Anterior perineal plane clearly exists, through which about 20 mm more length of the distal rectum is available which could increase the sphincter-saving rate in cases of low rectal carcinoma.

Objective To summarize our experiences in the diagnosis and treatment of giant colonic lipoma,and enhance awareness of the disease and avoid misdiagnosis.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 5 cases of giant colonic lipoma that were mistaken for colon cancer,and evaluate the possible reasons of misdiagnosis.Results Colonic lipoma is an uncommon benign tumor.Most cases with larger tumor size were misdiagnosed as colon cancer when they suffered from the symptoms of abdominal pain,bloody stool,abdominal mass,even bowel obstruction and intussusception.Barium enema and colonoscopy are important diagnostic means.Contrast enhanced CT scan can provide definitive topographical information identifying a colonic lipoma.Surgical resection was performed in all the 5 cases.Conclusion Giant colonic lipoma with intussusception can mimic a colonic carcinoma leading to misdiagnosis.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Complement C3 ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; blood ; Lipid Metabolism ; Male ; Obesity ; blood