To evaluate the effects of p-octyl polyethylene glycol phenyl ether (Triton X-100), polyoxyl 35 caster oil (EL35) and polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated caster oil (RH40) on the activity of Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3 As) in vivo. Rats were administered with saline, ketoconazole (75 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)), Triton X-100 (30 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)), EL35 (150 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) and RH40 (150 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) intragastrically for 5 consecutive days, and then given midazolam 10 mg x kg(-1) 20 min after the last treatment of ketoconazole or three surfactants with the same dose through duodenal administration. Pharmacokinetics parameters for midazolam and its metabolite 1'-hydroxymidazolam were estimated from the plasma concentration-time data by a noncompartmental approach. The results showed that multiple dose administration of Triton X-100, EL35 and RH40 decreased the ratios of 1'-hydroxymidazolam and midazolam AUC0-infinity from 1.14 to 0.90, 1.03 and 0.64, respectively. In contrast, multiple dose administration of ketoconazole caused the ratios of 1'-hydroxymidazolam and midazolam a significant decrease to 0.50. This study indicated that Triton X-100 and EL35 would have no inhibition on CYP3A, while RH40 had significant inhibition on CYP3A. Therefore, RH40 might be used to prepare drug formulations in pharmaceutical industry and would increase the bioavailability of some drugs transformed by CYP3As and further lead to significant clinical pharmacologic effects.
Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Biological Availability ; Biotransformation ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A ; metabolism ; Ketoconazole ; pharmacology ; Male ; Midazolam ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacokinetics ; Octoxynol ; pharmacology ; Polyethylene Glycols ; pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Surface-Active Agents ; pharmacology

Adenoma, Sweat Gland ; metabolism ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Keratin-14 ; metabolism ; Keratin-17 ; metabolism ; Keratin-18 ; metabolism ; Keratin-7 ; metabolism ; Keratins ; metabolism ; Papilloma ; metabolism ; Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Skin Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Sweat Gland Neoplasms ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the marginal microleakage of porcelain-fused-to-metal crown using four different cements.

METHODSSixteen porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns were built and randomly divided into 4 group, luted onto standard prepared human forward molars using four different cements (glass ionomer cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cement, PanaviaF, Super-Bond C&B adhesive luting system). After temperature cycling test, all the crowns were then submerged in 2% fuchsin for 24 h. The marginal microleakage at tooth cement interfaces was observed using light stereomicroscopy and evaluated in classification index. The marginal microleakage grade of 4 groups were analyzed by SPSS 13.0.

RESULTSThe PanaviaF demonstrated the least marginal microleakage, Super-Bond C&B adhesive luting system, resin-modified glass ionomer cement showed an intermediate level of marginal microleakage, glass ionomer cement was associated with severe marginal microleakage (total, Chi2 = 157.60, P < 0.01; among the different groups, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONAdhesive resin luting system which is the first selection in clinical is better than glass ionomer cement and is good at porcelain-fused-to-metal crown.

Boron Compounds ; Cementation ; Crowns ; Dental Cements ; Dental Leakage ; Dental Marginal Adaptation ; Dental Porcelain ; Glass Ionomer Cements ; Humans ; Metals ; Methacrylates ; Methylmethacrylates ; Resin Cements

Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)in a children's hospital,and provide basis for the prevention and control of MRSA infection in children. Methods Children who admitted to a children's hospital from 2011 to 2015 were analyzed retrospectively,clinical data of children,isolation of pathogens,types of specimens,and healthcare-associated infection(HAI)status were analyzed.Results From 2011 to 2015,a total of 911 children isolated Staphylococcus aureus (SA,1108 positive specimens),494 of whom isolated MRSA (599 positive specimens),54.23% of children isolated MRSA(isolation rate of specimens was 54.06%);there was no significant difference in the isolation rate of MRSA between children of different genders(P > 0.05);isolation rate of MRSA in different age groups was statistically significant(P <0.05).Isolation rates of MRSA from blood,puncture fluid,secretion,and pus were 68.97%,66.00%,55.81%, and 54.47% respectively.Isolation rate of SA and MRSA increased from 0.61% and 21.74% in 2011 to 1.40%and 75.59% in 2015 respectively,difference were both significant(both P <0.05).Incidence of SA and MRSA in-creased from 0.198% in 2011 to 2.697% and 2.119% in 2015 respectively,both showed an upward trend year by year(both P <0.05).Conclusion Isolation rate of MRSA and incidence of HAI in this children's hospital increased year by year,it is necessary to intensify management,use antimicrobial agents scientifically and rationally,timelyperform disinfection and isolation,so as to curb the emergence and spread of MRSA in hospital settings.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of multidrug resistant protein 2 (MRP2) and glutathione (GSH) cotransport system in hepatic arsenic metabolism in rats.

METHODSThirty healthy Wistar rats were divided randomizedly into five groups. The first group was the control group and the rats in this group were administered with normal saline. In the second, third and fourth group the rats were administered with 4, 10 and 20 mg As(+)3/kg BW of sodium arsenite respectively every other day for two weeks. The fifth group was the benzene-soluble organics (BSO) intervention group and in this group the rats were administered with 2 mmol/kg BW BSO intraperitoneally every day three days before the end of the experiment. The other treatment was the same as in other groups. All rats were sacrificed two weeks after the treatments. Arsenic contents in bile, liver and blood were detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and the expression of MRP2 in the membrane of hepatocyte was determined by Western-blot analysis.

RESULTSThe level of total arsenic (including organic arsenic and inorganic arsenic) in bile, liver and blood in all three different dose groups was higher than those in the control groups (P < 0.05). Arsenic levels of bile and liver were increased with intragastric arsenic dose. Blood arsenic levels were not significantly different in three different dose groups. Expression of hepatic MRP2 was increased with intragastric arsenic concentration. A positive correlation between biliary arsenic concentration and MRP2 levels was found in liver (r = 0.986, P < 0.05). For the rats pretreated with BSO, the biliary arsenic was significantly higher than that in the control group but lower than that in the high dose group; the liver and blood arsenic was higher than that in the control group and in the high dose group. Expression of MRP2 pretreated with BSO was decreased.

CONCLUSIONSodium arsenite can induce expression of MRP2 and the up-regulation of MRP2 may play an important role in the bile secretion of arsenite and its metabolites. The function of MRP2 for transportation of arsenic and its metabolites is associated with the intracellular GSH level. BSO inhibits the synthesis of GSH, which weakens the function of the MRP2-GSH cotransport system and makes the liver arsenic increased.

Animals ; Arsenic ; pharmacokinetics ; Arsenic Poisoning ; metabolism ; Bile ; metabolism ; Female ; Glutathione ; biosynthesis ; Liver ; metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Up-Regulation

BACKGROUNDInnovative advancements in ultrasound instrumentation present a number of imaging modalities for myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) in ischemic syndromes. How well they compare to each other in diagnostic accuracy in the detection of acute myocardial infarction is unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the relative accuracy of 3 different imaging modes of MCE, low mechanical index (MI) real-time perfusion imaging (RTPI), triggered harmonic angio mode (HA), and ultraharmonic imaging mode (UH) in the detection of acute experimental myocardial infarction within the time frame suitable for potential reperfusion.

METHODSMCE was performed in 10 open-chest dogs using RTPI, triggered HA and triggered UH modes at baseline and one hour after occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery. Presence or absence of perfusion defects, and the perfusion defect size when present, were analyzed and compared with the infarct size delineated by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining.

RESULTSThe infarct area was (15.8 +/- 2.4)% by TTC staining; Perfusion defect area by MCE was similar to anatomic infarct area in all the three MCE approaches: (16.1 +/- 2.7)% by RTPI mode, (15.5 +/- 2.9)% by HA mode, and (15.5 +/- 3.0)% by UH mode. The sensitivity, specificity and overall diagnostic accuracy in the detection of myocardial infarction were 100%, 88%, and 94% for RTPI mode, 88%, 100%, and 94% for HA mode, and 100%, 75%, and 88% for UH mode.

CONCLUSIONAll modes of MCE, RTPI, triggered HA mode and triggered UH mode have excellent diagnostic accuracy in the immediate hour of acute coronary occlusion within the optimal time frame suitable for reperfusion therapy.

Animals ; Contrast Media ; Dogs ; Echocardiography ; methods ; Myocardial Infarction ; diagnostic imaging ; Staining and Labeling ; Tetrazolium Salts

OBJECTIVETo study the epidemiologic characteristics of traffic injuries among people over 60 years old in the Nan'an district (urban) and Jiangjin district (rural) of Chongqing, and to discuss the corresponding strategies for its prevention and cure.

METHODSRecords of traffic injuries in people over 60 years old registered by the traffic police between 2000 and 2006 in Nan'an district and Jiangjin district were collected in the Database of Road Traffic Accidents and Traffic Injuries. Epidemiologic characteristics of traffic injuries among the aged people were analyzed and compared.

RESULTSBetween the year 2000 and 2006, the average annual incidence of traffic injuries and mortality rate in the aged people in Nan'an district were 124.62/100 000 and 13.85/ 100 000 respectively, higher than that in Jiangjin district (27.49/ 100 000, 7.13/100 000, P less than 0.01). However, the mortality rate for the aged people who were involved in traffic injuries in Jiangjin district was 20.60%, higher than that in Nan'an district (10.00%, P less than 0.01). Head injury was the primary cause of death. Totally 76.58% of casualties were pede-strians. Over 90% of the traffic accidents occurred in the areas with no traffic signal or traffic control system.

CONCLUSIONSThe traffic environment is unfavorable to the aged people. It is important to enhance traffic safety consciousness of drivers and the elderly and to strengthen traffic safety system and traffic law, so as to provide a safe road traffic environment for the aged people.

Accidents, Traffic ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Risk Factors ; Wounds and Injuries

Objective To investigate the physicochemical properties and immunomodulatory activities of crude polysaccharides and their fractions from Sophorae Flavescentis Radix. Methods The crude polysaccharide (SFP-100) was obtained successively by boiling Sophorae Flavescentis Radix in water, ethanol precipitating, dialyzing and freeze drying. SFP-100 was separated withDEAE-cellulose column to obtain three fractions, and these fractions were fruther separated with Sephadex G-100 column to obtain their sub-fractions. The sugar content was determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method, the molecular distribution was determined with gel filtration chromatography, and the monosaccharide composition was analyzed with capillary electrophoresis after PMP derivatization. The immunobiological activities were estimated by measuring the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes as well as the IFN-secretion in mouse splenocytes and the TNF-α secretion in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Results The yield of SFP-100 from Sophorae Flavescentis Radix was 4.83％ and sugar content was 71.62％. SFP-100 was separated into three fractions SFP-100-A, SFP-100-B and SFP-100-C, whose yields were 3.5％, 25.6％ and 16.7％, and the sugar content was 85.99％, 72.09％ and 24.30％, respectively.The monosaccharide composition and their molar ratio for SFP-100-A, SFP-100-B and SFP-100-C were Ara∶Glc∶Gal=7.16∶91.02∶1.82, Xyl∶Ara∶Glc∶Rha∶Gal∶GalA=0.05∶1.00∶0.85∶0.04∶0.35∶0.43, and Xyl∶Ara∶Glc∶Rha∶Gal∶GlcA∶GalA=0.20∶1.00∶0.33∶0.36∶0.45∶0.55∶14.37, respectively. SFP-100-B was further separated into two sub-fractions SFP-100-B-a and SFP-100-B-b with Sephadex G-100, and the other two sub-fractions SFP-100-C-a and SFP-100-C-b were also obtained with the same Sephadex G-100 from SFP-100-C. SFP-100-B-a showed a main wide peak, which had the relative molecular weight 1.02×105 and monosaccharide composition Ara∶Glc∶Rha∶Gal = 1.00∶0.06∶0.02∶0.29. Meanwhile, the relative molecular weight and monosaccharide composition were 5.43×104 and Xyl∶Glc =1.00∶3.81 for the main peak of SFP-100-C-a, and 2.75×104 and Ara∶Glc∶Rha∶Gal∶GlcA∶GalA=1.00∶2.10∶0.57∶0.74∶1.09∶33.75 for the main peak of SFP-100-C-b, respectively. The crude polysaccharides SFP-100 and its fractions, SFP-100-B and SFP-100-C, as well as the sub-fractions, SFP-100-B-a, SFP-100-B-b and SFP-100-C-a, increased the proliferation of spleen cells, all in a dose-dependent manner. Further, SFP-100 could improve the secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α in spleen cells, while SFP-100-B, SFP-100-C, SFP-100-B-a and SFP-100-B-b could stimulate the secretion of IFN-γ. Conclusion The crude polysaccharides of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and their fractions showed a good immunomodulatory activity, which may be related to the clinical use of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix for the anti-HBV and anti-inflammatory therapy.

OBJECTIVETo study the prevalence of hepatitis B infections and carrier status among general population in Chaoyang district, Beijing in 2010.

METHODSFrom May to December 2010, 14 491 subjects over 12 months old were selected by multistage random cluster sampling method from residents in Chaoyang district, Beijing. Five millilitre venous blood specimens were collected from these subjects to test hepatitis B virus antigens and antibodies. Status of hepatitis B infections were analyzed in different age, sex and registered permanent residence groups.

RESULTSThe overall positive rate of surface antigen (HBsAg) was 2.66% (383/14 410). The lowest rate of 0.56% (9/1603) was found in the 1 to 14 years old group and the 35 to 44 years old group had the highest rate of 4.27% (92/2154). The rate in subjects younger than 24 years old was 1.03% (31/2986). The overall positive rate of surface antibody (anti-HBs) was 40.21% (5798/14 421). The highest positive rate of anti-HBs (80.59%, 407/505) was found in the 1 to 4 years old group. The overall positive rate of core antibody (anti-HBc) was 30.26% (4364/14 424). The overall hepatitis B virus infection rate was 30.32% (4364/14 393). For male and female groups, the positive rates of HBsAg were 2.93% (179/6108) and 2.44% (202/8287) respectively (χ² = 3.32, P > 0.05); anti-HBs were 41.93% (2563/6113) and 38.96% (3231/8293) respectively (χ² = 12.88, P < 0.01); and anti-HBc were 31.39% (1919/6114) and 29.39% (2438/8295) respectively (χ² = 6.65, P = 0.01). For local residents group and mobile population group, the positive rates of HBsAg were 2.46% (283/11 510) and 3.60% (98/2719) respectively (χ² = 11.08, P < 0.01); anti-HBs were 37.11% (4293/11 568) and 53.07% (1445/2723) respectively (χ² = 233.51, P < 0.01); and anti-HBc were 30.83% (3567/11 570), and 28.41% (774/2724) respectively (χ² = 6.08, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe positive rate of HBsAg in population younger than 24 years old has reached a relatively low level. The mobile population has significantly higher positive rate of HBsAg than local residents, indicating the need for enhancing prevention and control measures for hepatitis B for the mobile population and local residents over 25 years old.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Hepatitis B ; blood ; epidemiology ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; blood ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Urban Population ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo probe blood serum Ab-IgG characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients in Guangzhou and investigate the related factors.

METHODSThe serum of such population diagnosed as SARS convalescent patients, non-SARS patients, family consanguineous contraction persons, wild animal and vegetable salesman and community common people was collected. The lab detective method of ELISA was adopted for these serum samples. And the epidemic investigations for the SARS patients were also carried out.

RESULTSOf these populations, the detective rate of Ab-IgG for the clinic diagnosed SARS patients, which was 53.7%; That for the wild animal salesman and community common people were 16.7% and 0.9%, respectively. Among the clinic diagnosed SARS patients, the positive antibody detective rate was 90.4% for those which had specific contact history or infectivity, which was higher than that for other population. Among the specific contact history or infectivity cases, the antibody positive rate for the young and the old was lower than that for the adult. Meanwhile the difference did not exist among other cases. The antibody positive rate was identical between the male and the female. And the antibody detective rate was decreased by the month.

CONCLUSIONAs a whole SARS-CoV Ab-IgG detective rate for the clinic diagnosed SARS patients was 53.7% only. The reasons for that mainly lie in the wrong clinic diagnosis besides these factors such as age, hormone use and reagent and so on. The combination of lab detection results and epidemic investigation was propitious to the diagnosis veracity. It was impossible for the sub-clinic infection of SARS-CoV virus. The importance in the virus transmitting course need to be further studied.

Adult ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; SARS Virus ; immunology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; epidemiology ; immunology