AIMTo indicate the titration end-point of precipitation reaction by measuring the relative intensity of the scattered light in the titrate for use in pharmaceutical analysis.

METHODSA visible light-emitting diode (LED) was used as a light source and a photodiode was used as the optical detector. Light on the detector creates an electric current through the diode. With the addition of the titrant, the titrate became turbid and the intensity of the scattered light in the solution increased gradually. If the precipitation reaction proceeded the completion and the solubility of the precipitate was small enough, the intensity of the scattered light will reach maximum at the stoichiometric point; thus, the titration end-point can be indicated. The accuracy of nephelometric titrimetry was discussed theoretically and the titration of NaCl with AgNO3 was used as a model. To demonstrate the applicability of the new titrimetry in pharmaceutical analysis, phenytoin sodium and procaine hydrochloride were titrated with AgNO3 and NaOH solutions, respectively.

RESULTSWith our new titrator and nephelometric sensor, the accuracy and precision of our new titrimetry can be better than 0.2% under suitable conditions.

CONCLUSIONThis new titrimetry can be used for pharmaceutical analysis.

Phenytoin ; analysis ; Procaine ; analysis ; Titrimetry ; instrumentation ; methods

This study was aimed to explore whether multiple common gene mutations of leukemia synergistically involved in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) pathogenesis, and to investigate their relevance to clinical features, cytogenetics and molecular risk stratification. 84 specimens of admitted de novo APL patients from February 2005 to October 2010 were collected, the gene mutations of bone marrow mononuclear cells and clinical features of mutation-positive patients were analyzed by genomic DNA-PCR. The results indicated that the prevalence of mutations was 60.7% (51/84), in which the mutations with the highest incidence were found as FLT3-ITD, reaching 27.4% (23/84). Next, there were 12 cases WT1 mutation, 9 for FLT3-TKD, 7 for TET2, 5 for N-RAS, 4 for ASXL1, 2 for EZH2 mutation and 1 positive case in MLL-PTD, IDH1 and CBL mutation respectively. No mutation was found in other JAK1, DNMT3, c-Kit, NPM1, IDH2, RUNX1 and JAK2 (V617F) common leukemia-related genes. Combined analysis with clinical data demonstrated that the patients with FLT3-ITD mutation displayed higher white blood cell counts, while the patients with N-RAS mutation showed lower platelet counts. Overall survival of these patients was obviously shorten as compared with patients with wild-type. This difference between mutant and wild-type of all above mentioned cases was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The difference between APL with simple t (15;17) and additional abnormal karyotype was not statistically significant. It is concluded that the FLT3-ITD mutation is recurrent genetic change in APL, and together with N-RAS mutation indicates poor prognosis. Additional abnormal karyotype does not associate with prognosis of APL.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein ; Female ; Genes, ras ; Humans ; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins ; genetics ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 ; genetics ; Prognosis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ; genetics ; Repressor Proteins ; genetics ; Tandem Repeat Sequences ; Young Adult ; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 ; genetics

Objective To explore the correlation between 4 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms （Tag SNP） sites （rs7721799, rs32897, rs7718461, rs10062367） of corticotropin releasing hormone binding protein （CRHBP） and schizophrenia and aggressive behavior in the Yunnan Han population. Methods Case-control correlation analysis was used to establish a complex amplification system. Improved multiplex ligase detection reaction （iMLDR） technology was used to detect the genotypes of 4 SNP sites of CRHBP gene of 163 Han schizophrenic patients （including 81 patients with aggressive behavior, 82 patients without aggressive behavior） and 345 healthy Han individuals, which were analyzed statistically by SPSS 19.0, Haploview 4.2 and PHASE 2.1 software. Results There was no correlation between the 3 SNP sites of CRHBP gene and the onset of schizophrenia except for the rs7718461 site （P>0.05）. The relative risk of aggressive behavior of patients carrying GG or GA genotype at rs7718461 site were 4.903 times higher than those carrying AA genotype （P<0.05）. Conclusion The CRHBP gene may not be associated with the occurrence of schizophrenia in Yunnan Han population, but AA genotype of rs7718461 may reduce the risk of aggressive behavior in schizophrenia patients.
Asian People/genetics* ; Carrier Proteins/genetics* ; China ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Schizophrenia/genetics*

Objective To retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics of 261 cases of hospitalized patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH).Methods Clinical data of 261 cases of hospitalized patients diagnosed with T1DM in the Department of Endocrinology at PUMCH from January 2007 to December 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were divided into the T1DM antibodies positive group (n=180) and negative group (n=81) according to the results of immunohistochemistry, in which 123 newly diagnosed T1DM patients were divided into the adult onset group (>18 years, n=58) and non-adult onset group (≤18 years, n=65) according to the onset age of T1DM, respectively. The clinical characteristics from different groups were compared.Results In 261 patients, the average age was 26.6±15.4 years, the average disease duration was 49 (1-480) months, the positive rate of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody was 58.8% (153/260). The level of 2-hour postprandial C peptide and the positive rate of T1DM antibodies in the non-adult onset group were higher than those in the adult onset group (0.98 vs. 0.52 ng/ml, P=0.002 and 80.4% vs. 62.5%, P=0.048). The age of onset in the T1DM antibodies positive group was smaller than that in the T1DM antibodies negative group (19.7±11.4 vs. 24.7±15.6 years, P=0.04), while the incidence of ketosis in the T1DM antibodies positive group was higher than that in the T1DM antibodies negative group (48.3% vs. 34.2%, P=0.035). With the progress of the disease, the fasting C peptide level of the T1DM antibodies positive group decreased more rapidly. Compared with the single time hospitalized patients, multiple hospitalized patients had a lower incidence of diabetic retinopathy (8.2% vs. 22.4%, P=0.032), a lower hemoglobin A1level (8.04%±2.10% vs. 9.56%±2.64%, P<0.001) and fasting blood glucose level (8.7±3.1 vs. 10.9±4.2 mmol/L, P<0.001).Conclusions Compared with the non-adult onset T1DM patients, the islet function of adult onset patients was even worse. In the T1DM antibodies positive patients, the islet β cell function decreased more rapidly, so the antibodies could not only clarify the diagnosis of T1DM and also predict prognosis of the islet β cell function. In the management of T1DM patients, regular hospital revisits contributed to get better glycemic control and reduced the occurrence of diabetic complications.