Objective This objective of the study was to analyze the factors related to being recaptured and condom use among low-fee female sex workers (FSWs) to provide reference in developing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) intervention strategy. Methods Physical examination certificates were designed by Zhongshan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention to record HIV and syphilis test results for low-fee FSWs from 2013 to 2015. Low-fee FSWs were asked to show physical examination certificates in the next intervention and test. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with being captured with physical examination certificates. Generalized linear mixed model was used to analyze factors associated with condom use with clients. Results A total of 220 low-fee FSWs were recruited by using physical examination certificates and received 389 interviews from 2013 to 2015. The proportions of HIV positive and syphilis positive were 4.2% (9/213) and 30.0% (64/213) respectively among those who had HIV and syphilis test. Results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that low-fee FSWs who had been FSWs for more than 4 years (OR=2.95, 95% CI：1.35-6.45), and worked in the local county in the past 30 days (OR=11.74, 95% CI: 5.26-26.20), were more likely to be captured with physical examination certificates. Results of generalized linear mixed model showed that those who were captured at least once (OR=3.33, 95% CI: 1.34-8.27), had junior middle school education and above (OR=22.79, 95% CI: 3.75-138.57), had high HIV knowledge (OR=3.57, 95% CI: 1.52-8.38), and charged more than 30 yuan for vaginal sex (OR=30.68, 95% CI: 12.57-74.90), were more likely to use condom consistently. Conclusions Physical examination certificates could be used for low-fee FSWs surveillance and intervention and tracking their HIV and syphilis status. The intervention strategy should take these into consideration.

Objective To study the effects of aerocyst-urethral catheter on preventing perianal skin lesions in critical ill patients with fecal incontinence.Methods Totals of 60 patients were randomly divided into three groups,first experimental group indwelled aerocyst-urethral catheter and second experimental group used skim cotton laps to clamped,while control group received cleaning after they defecated.Results The incidence of perianal skin injury in first experimental group was 10.0％,second experimental group was 30.0％ and control group was 80.0,difference between three groups was statistically significant ( P ＜ 0.01 or P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions Applying aerocyst-urethral catheter in critical ill patients with fecal incontinence is a new and better nursing method,which can effectively prevent eczema and bedsore happening and be worth clinical spread application.

OBJECTIVETo investigate micro-metastasis in mediastinal lymph nodes (mLN) of patients with clinical stage I approximately II lung cancer and its clinical significance.

METHODSA total of 181 mLN from 32 lung cancer patients in clinical stage I approximately II were collected during operation and their frozen sections at two different levels were examined immunohistochemically (IHC) with an anti-epithelial cell monoclonal antibody Ber-Ep4. Routine HE staining was done for comparison. The results were processed by Chi-square tests in SPSS 10.0 soft ware.

RESULTSFifteen of the 32 patients (46.9%) were found to have micro-metastasis in 21 of 181 mLN (11.6%) examined by immunohistochemical staining though routine histopathological examinations were negative. Of those 15 cases, micro-metastasis was detected in 9 only by IHC and in 6 both by IHC and HE stainings. The positive rate of micro-metastasis in N0, N1, and N2 stratified by routine pathology was 36.8% (7/19), 33.3% (2/6) and 85.7% (6/7), respectively (N0 vs N2, P < 0.05). When stratified according to clinical staging (cTNM), pathological staging (pTNM) and pathological staging on the basis of IHC (iTNM), the frequencies of N2 cases were 0, 18.8% and 46.9%, respectively (differences among the three groups: P < 0.01). Nine cases reported as N0(7) and N1(2) by routine histopathological examination were found to have micro-metastasis in mLN by IHC staining, therefore they were actually N2 cases.

CONCLUSIONIHC staining with a monoclonal antibody specific for epithelial cells (Ber-Ep4) is more sensitive in the detection of mediastinal micro-metastais than routine HE staining. Underestimation of the extent of mLN metastasis by cTNM and/or pTNM stagings frequently exists in patients with clinically early lung cancer.

Adenocarcinoma ; pathology ; secondary ; Adult ; Aged ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; pathology ; secondary ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; pathology ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Mediastinum ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging

OBJECTIVETo objectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of Yimusake Tablet in the treatment of premature ejaculation (PE) through a multi-centered large-sample trial.

METHODSWe conducted a multi-centered, open, fixed-dose, and self-compared clinical trial among 300 patients with diagnosed PE. The trial lasted 12 weeks, including 4 weeks without any medication and 8 weeks of treatment with Yimusake Tablet, 2 pills (1 g) per night. We observed the intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) before and after treatment, evaluated the safety of medication, and performed a questionnaire investigation on the patients' satisfaction.

RESULTSOf the 300 PE patients, 288 accomplished the clinical trial. The patients ranged in age from 22 to 60 years, averaging at 31.6 years. The mean IELT of the patient was 62.5 seconds at baseline, 168.9 seconds after 4 weeks of treatment with Yimusake Tablet, and 222.2 seconds after 8 weeks of medication. Among the 157 patients with normal erectile function (IIEF >21), the mean IELT was 71.4 seconds before treatment, 147.4 seconds after 4 weeks of medication, and 172.5 seconds after 8 weeks of medication. The patients' satisfaction was significantly increased after treatment. Those complicated by mild to moderate erectile dysfunction achieved different degrees of improvement in the IIEF-5 score, with a mean increase of 3.8. Only a few patients experienced mild adverse events, including constipation, dry mouth, nose bleeding, abdominal pain, and lumbosacral pain, which were all relieved without drug withdrawal.

CONCLUSIONYimusake Tablet is a safe and effective medicine for the treatment of PE.

Adult ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Ejaculation ; drug effects ; physiology ; Erectile Dysfunction ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Patient Satisfaction ; Penile Erection ; Phytotherapy ; Premature Ejaculation ; drug therapy ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tablets ; Time Factors

Objective To develope 22 Chinese Mandarin monosyllable lists with good psychometrical equivalence.This study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of these lists when it was used in speech recognition test in normal hearing dialectal speakers.Methods Seven cities including Dalian,Shahghai,Hangzhou,Wuhan,Guangzhou,Fuzhou and Xiamen were selected as testing centers which contain 6 typical Chinese dialectal regions including north of China,East of China,north of Fujian,south of Fujian,Guangdong and mid-south of China.At each center,22 local normal hearing people were selected to ioin this study.Every participant was tested by each recognition test of all 22 lists twice in twosessions and same test order respectively.The second run of testing was carried out within 10 days-1 month since first run of testing.Results There was a significant correlations between scores obtained at the two sessions(r=0.682.P<0.01).Paired student-t test had shown that a gross seore of all dialectal participants was significantly higher than that of initial test to retest(P<0.01).The mean increment of score was(2.7±10.1)%.A significant difierence of test-retest score in 7 sites was 19.8% and it was equal to 5 test items.A one way ANOVA analysis had indicated that there were statistically significant difference between the score improvement of 7 test sites(P<0.01).Another analysis had shown that there was no significant correlation between test-retest score improvement and intra-session intervals(P=0.947).Conclusions Mandarin monosyllabic recognition test seems to be more stable,and the present study has indicated a systematic differences in Chinese Mandarin monosyllable recognition scores between test and retest.Monosyllable recognition test iS not susceptible to memorv effect.Pearson's correction analysis is not suitable to evaluation for test-retest reliability.

Processing of Chinese medicinals with vinegar is one of the characteristic processing techniques. Vinegar is vital for the quality of vinegar-processed decoction pieces. However, there have been no specified standards for adjuvants. Through consulting relevant literature and monographs, we comprehensively reviewed the historical evolution of processing with vinegar in records, selection and application of vinegar, and summarized the relevant standards and current status of vinegar as an adjuvant in China. According to the records in literature, vinegar is effective in activating blood, moving qi, dispersing blood stasis, removing toxin, promoting appetite, and nourishing the liver. Traditionally, rice vinegar is chosen in processing. Nowadays, the vinegar made from rice under solid-state fermentation should be chosen. At present, only food standards can be taken for reference for vinegar in the processing. Integrative and specific inspection indicators are lacking, so the standards for adjuvants need to be improved urgently. In addition, the inadequacy in quality control and management is also a major problem to be solved. Through literature research, we reviewed the historical evolution and research advance in vinegar to provide a reference for the standardization and further research of vinegar used in the Chinese medicinal processing.
Acetic Acid ; Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Oryza ; Quality Control

Trauma is a life-threatening "modern disease". The outcomes could only be optimized by cost-efficient and prompt trauma care, which embarks on the improvement of essential capacities and conceptual revolution in addition to the disruptive innovation of the trauma care system. According to experiences from the developed countries, systematic trauma care training is the cornerstone of the generalization and the improvement on the trauma care, such as the Advance Trauma Life Support (ATLS). Currently, the pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) has been one of the essential elements of infrastructure of health services in China, which is also fundamental to the trauma care system. Hereby, the China Trauma Care Training (CTCT) with independent intellectual property rights has been initiated and launched by the Chinese Trauma Surgeon Association to extend the up-to-date concepts and techniques in the field of trauma care as well to reinforce the generally well-accepted standardized protocols in the practices. This article reviews the current status of the trauma care system as well as the trauma care training.
China ; Emergency Medical Services ; Humans ; Life Support Care ; Traumatology ; education ; Wounds and Injuries ; therapy