OBJECTIVE: To establish HPLC methods for the determination of betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and lupeol in Caragana sinica roots, and investigate the α-glucosidase activity of the four compounds in vitro. METHODS: An Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) was applied with methanol-water-phosphoric acid (85:15:0.1) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.6 mL·min-1 to separate betulinic acid, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid. An Inert Sustain C18 column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) was applied with acetonitrile-water (70:30) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min-1 to separate lupeol. RESULTS: Good linearities were achieved for betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and lupeol within the range of 0.56-5.58, 0.42-4.20, 0.19-1.92, and 6.10-61.00 μg, respectively. The average recoveries were 99.79%, 98.51%, 98.05%, and 99.47%, and the RSDs were 1.53%, 1.74%, 1.78%, and 1.94%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The developed methods are accurate and can be used for the quality control of Caragana sinica. In addition to betulinic acid, the other three compounds show good α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and are expected to be developed as new hypoglycemic drugs.

Objective To explore the role of serum S-100B concentration of umbilical cord blood and blood on the 24 h after admission in the early diagnosis and development of newborn hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE).Methods Forty-six HIE newborns(31 cases with mild HIE and 15 cases with moderate and severe HIE)were selected as HIE group,and 43 normal full-term newborns were selected as control group.The umbilical cord blood sample and blood sample were aquired on the 24 h after admission.The serum S-100B concentration was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)analysis.Results 1.There was no significant difference of serum S-100B concentration between the male sub-group and female sub-group of normal group and their birth weight had no significant relative to the serum S-100B concentration.2.The serum S-100B concentration of umbilical cord blood of control group and HIE group were(1.03?0.32)and(2.53?1.1)?g/L,respectively,there was significant difference between two groups(t'=8.848 P

Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a significant human pathogen that results in mucocutaneous lesions in the oral cavity or genital infections. Acyclovir (ACV) and related nucleoside analogues can successfully treat HSV infections, but the emergence of drug resistance to ACV has created a barrier for the treatment of HSV infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. There is an urgent need to explore new and effective tactics to circumvent drug resistance to HSV. This review summarises the current strategies in the development of new targets (the DNA helicase/primase (H/P) complex), new types of molecules (nature products) and new antiviral mechanisms (lethal mutagenesis of Janus-type nucleosides) to fight the drug resistance of HSV.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate clinical efficacy of suture anchors in treating acute injuries of medial collateral ligament (MCL) of knee at degree III.

METHODSTwenty-seven patients with degree III acute MCL injuries of knee were treated with suture anchors from January 2007 to June 2011. There were 15 males and 12 females, aged from 19 to 56 (averaged 32.6) years old. The time from injury to operation was 3 to 10 days, averaged 6 days. Symptoms and physical signs before and after treatment were observed, Lysholm scoring were used to evluated clinical efficacy.

RESULTSAll patients were followed up from 16 to 30 months with an average of 21.6 months. The stability of knee joints was good in all patients. Abduction stress test was negative when the knee joint was straightened at 0 degrees and flexed at 30 degrees. The average degree of flexed knee (67.00 +/- 5.80) degrees preoperatively was lower than that of postoperatively (136.50 +/- 6.30) degrees at 1 year. According to Lysholm scoring, preoperative scores ranged from 30 to 43 points, averaged 36.46 +/- 1.48; 1 year after operation ranged from 87 to 100 with an average of 91.50 +/- 3.80 and higher than postoperative. Twenty patients got an excellent results, 5 good and 2 fair.

CONCLUSIONSuture anchors in treating acute injuries of medial collateral ligament of knee at degree III has following advantages: small range of tissue dissection, easy to operate, reliable fixation and less complications.

Acute Disease ; Adult ; Collateral Ligaments ; injuries ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Knee Injuries ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Suture Anchors

Four kinds of ionic liquids [BMIM] Br, [BMIM] BF4, [BMIM] PF6, [HMIM] PF6 were used to analyze the content of oleanic acid and paeoniflorin in Paeonia lactiflora with ultrasonic-assisted extraction coupled with HPLC. The chromatographic column, Purospher star RP-C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm), was used. Acetonitrile and water (90:10) as mobile phase was used to determine the content of oleanic acid with a gradient elution and flow rate at 1.00 mL · min(-1), detection wavelength at 210 nm, chromatographic column temperature at room temperature. Paeoniflorin content was determined using acetonitrile and water (18:82) as mobile phase with a gradient elution and flow rate at 1.00 mL · min(-1), detection wavelength at 250 nm, the chromatographic column temperature at room temperature. The result show that oleanic acid has the highest extraction yield when the conditions are solid-liquid ratio of 1:80 (g · mL(-1)), and the [BMIM] Br methanol solution concentration of 0.6 mol · L(-1). Under the optimal extraction conditions, the content of oleanic acid from 0.24 to 3.76 μg showed a good linearity (r = 0.9999), the average recovery was 97.20%. Paeoniflorin has the highest extraction yield when the conditions are solid-liquid ratio of 1:130 (g · mL(-1)), and the [C4 MIM] PF6 methanol solution concentration of 0.6 mol · L(-1). Under the optimal extraction conditions, paeoniflorin content from 0.42 to 4.20 μg showed a good lin- earity (r = 1.000), the average recovery was 98.84%. This method is simple and reliable, its repeatability is also very good. It has important significance in the study P. lactiflora of ionic liquid microextraction.
Chromatography, Reverse-Phase ; methods ; Glucosides ; analysis ; Ionic Liquids ; chemistry ; Monoterpenes ; analysis ; Oleanolic Acid ; analysis ; Paeonia ; chemistry ; Ultrasonics

Objective: To evaluate the effects of dietary behaviors on the risk of hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Methods: A total of 12 208 subjects aged 18-60 years old were investigated by questionnaires to collect demographic data, dietary behaviors and lifestyle information, when they did health examination in a tertiary hospital in Beijing from 2014 to 2019. During the observation period of five year, the incidence of hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases were collected through health examination files every year. The multivariate logistic regression model was employed to analyze the associations of dietary behaviors with hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Results: The study included 6 218 ( 50.93% ) males and 5 990 ( 49.07% ) females. The cumulative incidence rates of hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases were 7.75%, 2.72% and 3.49%, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the high-sodium diet ( OR=1.422, 95%CI: 1.191-1.697 ) , eating fast ( OR=1.457, 95%CI: 1.102-1.974 ), eating more refined grain ( OR=1.251, 95%CI: 1.050-1.490 ) and drinking milk less than once a week ( OR=1.316, 95%CI: 1.022-1.697 ) were risk factors for hypertension. The high-sodium diet ( OR=1.344, 95%CI: 1.048-1.725 ), eating fast ( OR=1.733, 95%CI: 1.046-2.871 ), eating more meat ( OR=1.651,95%CI: 1.263-2.158 ) were risk factors for diabetes. High-sodium diet ( OR=1.501, 95%CI: 1.192-1.889 ) was risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Conclusion The diet with high sodium, more meat and refined grain as well as eating fast can increase the risk of hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

OBJECTIVETo make an inquiry into method of typing of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).

METHODAverage monthly rates were calculated on the basis of data from 1995 to 1999, then cluster analysis was carried out to type out endemic areas.

RESULTSCompared with the results of 36 surveillance spots from 1980 to 1992, twenty-four surveillance spots had the same results (66.7%). Twenty-three surveillance spots had the same results with the original data in 1999 (82.1%).

CONCLUSIONHFRS incidences increased in spring or in summer, but decreased in autumn or in winter. Cluster analysis seemed to be a supplementary method in distinguishing the epidemic types for HFRS.

Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Disease Reservoirs ; Hantaan virus ; isolation & purification ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Population Density ; Seasons ; Sentinel Surveillance

BACKGROUNDRenin-angiotensin-aldosterone system has been demonstrated to be associated with both congestive heart failure (CHF) and atrial fibrillation (AF). This study investigated the effects of spironolactone, a kind of aldosterone antagonist, on atrial electrical remodeling and fibrosis in CHF dogs induced by chronic rapid ventricular pacing.

METHODSTwenty one dogs were randomly divided into sham-operated group, control group, and spironolactone group. In control group and spironolactone group, dogs were ventricular paced at 220 beats per minute for 6 weeks. Additionally, spironolactone at 15 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) was given to dogs 1 week before rapid ventricular pacing until pacing stopped. Transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiographic examinations were performed to detect structural and functional changes of the atrium. Swan2 Ganz floating catheters were used to measure hemadynamics variances. Atrial effective refractory period (AERP), AERP dispersion (AERPd), intra- and inter-atrium conduction time (CT) and intra-atrium conduction velocity (CV) were determined. The inducibility and duration of AF were also measured in all groups. Finally, atrial fibrosis was quantified with Masson staining.

RESULTSAERP did not change significantly after dogs were ventricular paced for 6 weeks. However, AERPd, intra- and inter-atrium CT increased significantly, and CV decreased apparently, which was negatively correlated to the atrial fibrosis (r = -0.74, P < 0.05). Simultaneously, left atriums were enlarged and cardiac hemadynamics worsened in pacing dogs. Although spironolactone could not affect cardiac hemadynamics effectively, it can obviously improve left atrial ejection fraction (P < 0.05). Spironolactone treatment did not alter AERP duration, but this medicine dramatically decreased AERPd (P < 0.05), shortened intra- and inter-atrium conduction time (P < 0.05), and increased atrium CV. Moreover, spironolactone decreased the inducibility and duration of AF (P < 0.05), as well as atrial fibrosis (P < 0.01) induced by chronic rapid ventricular pacing.

CONCLUSIONSpironolactone contributes to AF prevention in congestive heart failure dogs induced by chronic rapid ventricular pacing, which is related to atrial fibrosis reduction and independent of hemadynamics.

Animals ; Atrial Fibrillation ; prevention & control ; Cardiac Volume ; Collagen ; analysis ; Dogs ; Heart Atria ; drug effects ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Heart Failure ; drug therapy ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Hemodynamics ; drug effects ; Spironolactone ; therapeutic use

AIMTo explore the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning on the kidney injury following with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of limbs.

METHODSThe models of I/R injury of limbs were constructed in rabbits. The blood from right external jugular vein, renal artery and renal vein represent the peripheral blood, into and out-flowing kidney blood (IKB, OKB) respectively. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), blood uria nitrogen (BUN) in peripheral blood and SOD, MDA, nitric oxide (NO) in IKB and OKB were measured, as well as SOD, MDA, induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in kidney were detected in different groups. The effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on the kidney injury were observed.

RESULTSCompared with control group, the activity of SOD in peripheral blood, IKB, OKB and kidney decreased, and the content of MDA increased after 4 h ischemia followed by 4 h reperfusion. The content of BUN in peripheral blood, NO in IKB, OKB and iNOS in kidney increased remarkably as well. SOD increased and MDA, NO, BUN, iNOS decreased significantly by ischemic preconditioning (IPC) before ischemia/reperfusion. The correlation analysis indicated that MDA was negatively correlated with SOD and positively correlated with NO, BUN.

CONCLUSIONOxygen free radicals metabolic confusion of kidney occurred in the course of I/R of limbs, IPC could strengthen the resistance of peroxidation in kidney and had protective effects on the kidney injury following with ischemia/reperfusion (I/ R) of limbs

Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Extremities ; blood supply ; Female ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; methods ; Kidney ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Lipid Peroxidation ; physiology ; Male ; Rabbits ; Renal Insufficiency ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

AIMTo investigate the role of endothelin-1 in the pathogenesis of neurogenetic pulmonary edema.

METHODSThe levels of endothelin-1 in plasma and lung were measured in rats which suffered from diffuse brain injury on Marmarous' model. The changes of endothelin-1 in the lungs were also detected using an immunohistochemical method.

RESULTSAfter heavy diffuse brain injury in rats, the levels of endothelin-1 in plasma and lung began increasing at 1 hour, and peaked at 6 hour. Though a little declining at 24 hour, it maintained a higher level within 48 hours (P < 0.05). Pulmonary pathology showed that after brain injury there were congestion, swelling in pulmonary microvessels with broadened pulmonary interstitial tissue, and leucocyte infiltration was dominated by neutrophils and monocytes from 1 hour on, which peaked at 6 hour. More serious congestion, swelling and protein effusion in pulmonary alveoli were observed at both 24 h and 48 h. Immunohistochemically, endothelin-1 had more significant expression and higher levels of OD in the experimental groups than that in the control's, the most significance of which was at 6 hour.

CONCLUSIONThe inflammatory injury mechanism caused by endothelin-1 may play an important role in neurogenic pulmonary edema.

Animals ; Endothelin-1 ; metabolism ; Lung ; metabolism ; Male ; Pulmonary Alveoli ; metabolism ; Pulmonary Edema ; etiology ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar