Apoptosis and necrosis are two forms of liver diseases at cell level. Research on hepatocyte apoptosis will become the important topic for treatment of liver disease and understanding of regeneration after liver transplantation. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell apoptosis from effect and function of endoplasmic reticulum stress, influence of endoplasmic reticulum stress on cell apoptosis and association between hepatocyte apoptosis and related disease. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is a self-protection mechanism for cells, but too much endoplasmic reticulum stress will harm cells even cause apoptosis. It is still unclear about the relationship of the endoplasmic reticulum stress and hepatocyte apoptosis, so we need further researches. The progress of studies about the relations between hepatocyte diseases and endoplasmic reticulum stress will improve treatments of liver diseases.

Objective:To learn about the normativity and differences among regions and institutions of the fee of counseling and psychotherapy in China.Methods:The fee standards of 142 mental health service institutions released on their websites were collected through intemet query,the overall situation and the aspects of regions and instimtions of the fee of counseling and psychotherapy were analyzed and compared.Results:Ninety-one institutions set fee standards which had great disparity according to either the practitioner's professional ritles or their qualifications.Private institutions had a significant higher level of both the average minimum and maximum fees of interview counseling than public hospitals (Ps ＜0.00).The differences in the maximum fees of interview counseling among different regions were found to be statistically significant (P ＜ 0.001),the maximum fees of interview counseling in eastern areas were significantly higher than that in central and westem areas,the maximum fees of interview counseling in provincial cities were significantly higher than that in non-provincial cities (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion:The currein fee of counseling and psychotherapy lacks overall regulations.The fee of counseling and psychotherapy should take an overall account of the nature of institutions,the regions,the qualifications of practitioners and the specific conditions of the clients so as to set proper fee standards,thereby promoting the development of mental health services.

The theory of multiple streams,a vehicle of public policy analysis in the West,was used to analyze the policy development at Beijing′s suburban village clinics.This approach can clarify the issue steams,policy streams,and political streams,as well as the links between them,as a reference for standardized and quickened development such clinics.

Background Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is one of major causes of childhood blindness.Early screening and treatment of ROP is necessary.Objective This study was to analyze the incidence of ROP in single and multiple premature infants and related factors.Methods This study was approved by Ethic Committee of Suzhou Municipal Hospital,and oral informed consent was obtained from the parents of the infants before any medical examinations.Five hundred and four fetus with the gestational age of ≤34 weeks or birth weight of ≤ 2 000 g were collected in Suzhou Municipal Hospital,of whom 357 infants were single fetus birth and 147 infants were multiple fetus,including 26 twins and 21 three fetus birth.The fundus were examined by RetCam Ⅱ equipment and ROP was determined based on the fundus findings and history of birth.ROP incidences between the single fetus and multiple fetus were compared,and the inducing factors were analyzed.Results Sixty-six infants were ROP in all 504 fetus,with the incidence of 13.10％.The incidence of ROP in the single fetal group was 10.92％ (39/357),which was significantly higher than 18.37％ (27/147) in the multifetal group (x2=5.069,P=0.024),and risk of ROP in the multifetal group was higher than that in the single fetal group (OR =1.835).The oxygen inhalation rate was 42.02％ (150/357) and the oxygen inhalation duration was 5.71 days in the single fetal group,and that in the multifetal group was 58.50％ (86/147) and 9.42 days,respectively.Conclusions Incidence and risk of ROP in the multifetal infants are higher than those in the single fetal infants,and low-birth-weight,less gestational weeks and excess oxygen inhalation are influence factors.

BACKGROUND: Silver-matrix composite is usually used as a kind of electrical conductive matedal, which has excellent properties in electrical and heat conducting. MoS2, which used as a common solid lubricating material, has unique anti-frictional and lubricating properties in the process of wearing. Ag-MoS2 composites using in the area of electrical sliding wear were fabricated by adding MoS2 to the silver-matrix. OBJECTIVE: Ag-MoS2 composites with different content of MoS2 were produced to gain the mixture ratio for best properties by the experiments of mechanical and wear test. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The controlled experiment was performed at the Department of Matedal Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology from April to May 2008. MATERIALS: Silver powder (Bengbu Gold and Silver Article Factory, China) and MoS2 powder (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., China) were used in this study. METHODS: Ag-MoS2 composites for five different contents were fabricated by powder metallurgy method, which included the processes of powder mixture, drying, initial pressure, sintering, and second pressure. MoS2 contents were the MoS2 composite of 12.0%, 13.5%, 15.0%, 16.5%, 18.0% silver- MoS2. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Flexural strength was measured by versatility mechanical testing machine. The microstructures of the composites after sintering were observed by an optical microscope. The electrical sliding friction and wear properties were tested by the electrical wear test machine. The worn surfaces of the samples were observed by a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: With the increase in MoS2, the flexural strength decreased, the resistivity increased, and the wear loss decreased first, and then increased, which comes the lowest point when the MoS2 content was 15%. CONCLUSION: When the content of MoS2 is 15%, the average properties was the best.

Objective:To analyze the status of doctor -patient trust and its influencing factors based on the per-spective of the villagers .Methods:Using purposive sampling method , the selection of the H area as the research site in Beijing , for in the 14 township 80 administrative villages of trust information in the form of questionnaire sur-vey .Results:The 350 villagers were surveyed 301 villagers of village clinics held a positive attitude to the doctor -patient relationship , accounted for 86 .00%;There are 44 villagers of village clinics the middle ground the doctor-patient relationship , accounted for 12 .57%;Only five of the villagers of village clinics have held a denial atti-tude to the doctor-patient relationship , accounts for 3.43%of the proportion of the total .Based on blood kinship relationship between the villagers of village clinics and rural doctors more trust , but the technical level and service ability are the main factors affecting doctor -patient trust .Conclusion:Rural doctors and villagers in the same vil-lage , has a common living environment , interpersonal relationship , morality , interpersonal trust between each other is higher .In clinical activities , formed by the interpersonal relationship with the clinical common existing doctor -patient trust , is essentially interpersonal trust mask a lack of technology .Transformation in the society , how to im-prove the service ability of the village clinic , realize the village clinic real doctor -patient trust is the important connotation of health reform .

Objective: To study the influence of negative electrets on apoptosis of fibroblast cells and to probe its mechanism. Methods: Fibroblast cell were treated with -300, -500 and -1 000V PTFE electrets for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, and the influence of negative electrets on cell apoptosis was studied by means of flow cytometry and transmission electron microscope. Results: Compared with control group, apoptosis cells increased from 0.5% to 10% (some even to 15%) after 24，48 and 72 h action of -300, -500 and -1 000 V electrets. After action of -500 V PTFE electrets for 48-72 h, fibroblast cells showed characteristic morphological features of apoptosis. These features included chromatin aggregation, nuclear and cytoplasmic condensation and partition of cytoplasm and nucleus into membrane bound-vesicles (apoptotic bodies). The effect of negative electrets on apoptosis was in proportion to the time and electric field intensity. Conclusion: Negative electrets can enhance apoptosis of fibroblast cells.

Objective To establish chronic stress model of depression in adolescent rats and to examine the effects of different antidepressant treatment on depression and anxiety-related behaviors.Methods Male Wistar rats were given 21-day chronic mild stress (CMS) during their adolescence (postnatal day 30～50, PND30～50).During stress period, rats were treated with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p.) or imipramine (10 mg/kg i.p.), respectively.After stress, rats were tested for behavioral observation using body weight gain, saccharine test, open field and elevated plus-maze (EPM).Results Compared with control/vehicle (n=10) group, stress/vehicle (n=11) group displayed lower weight gain, saccharine preference index and the number of rearing in open field (P<0.05).Antidepressant fluoxetine, but not imipramine reversed anhedonia and the decrease of the number of rearing induced by stress.In addition, compared with early adolescent(PND29) rats, late adolescent (PND52) rats in control/vehicle group exhibited less open arm entries and open arm time, more closed arm time in EPM (P<0.05).Rats in stress/vehicle group showed more open arm entries and less closed arm time than controls(P<0.05).Both fluoxetine and imipramine had no effects on such changes.Conclusions Stress can induce the depression-like behavior in adolescent rats.Fluoxetine, but not imipramine,can effectively reverse anhedonia induced by stress.However, Both antidepressants have no significant effects on stress-induced decrease in developmental increment of anxious behavior during adolescence.These data suggest that chronic mild stress have complicated effects on depressive and anxious behavior in adolescent rats.

Objective:To understand the current service capacity of village clinics in H District of Beijing, to find out the existing problems and deficiencies, and to provide the basis for the development of village health poli-cy. Methods:The census method was used to investigate all the village clinics in H District of Beijing, and 260 rural doctors were investigated. Purposive sampling method was used to select 3 townships in H District of Beijing and 6 villages in each township as the research field. Observation and in-depth interviews were used in this study, and the sample size was 18 rural doctors. Results: At present, the village clinic in H district of Beijing has the problems of low quality of personnel, lack of business premises, inadequate infrastructure, and poor service capaci-ty. Conclusion:In order to improve the service capacity of village clinic in H District of Beijing City, it is sugges-ted to establish human resources management system, improve the overall quality of rural doctors, manage systemat-ically and improve the level of resource allocation in village clinics.

Objective To quantify the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),caspase-8 and caspase-3 in lichen planus (LP) lesions,and to investigate their significance.Methods Skin samples were collected from the lesions of 20 patients with LP and normal skin of 20 healthy human controls.Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expressions of TNF-αt,caspase-8 and caspase-3,and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) technique to evaluate the apoptosis in keratinocytes,in these samples.Results The expression levels (expressed in integrated optical density,IOD)of TNF-α,caspase-8 and caspase-3 were (12.58 ± 2.33) × 103,(11.69 ± 3.52) × 103 and (11.45 ± 2.82) × 103 respectively in LP lesions,significantly higher than those in the normal skin ((5.12 ± 1.78) × 103,(3.87 ± 3.36)× 103,(4.76 ± 1.93) × 103,t =11.38,7.19,8.76,respectively,all P ＜ 0.01).Elevated apoptosis index was noted in keratinocytes from LP lesions compared with those from normal skin (71.35 ± 7.93 vs.33.62 ± 8.75,t =14.29,P ＜ 0.01).In LP lesions,the expressions of both TNF-α and caspase-8 were positively correlated with the apoptosis index of keratinocytes (r =0.72,0.75,respectively,both P ＜ 0.01) and the expression of caspase-3 (r =0.68,0.73,respectively,both P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The up-regulated expressions of TNF-α,caspase-8 and caspase-3 may participate in the apoptosis in keratinocytes in LP.