Tumor radioresistance is the leading cause of clinical radiotherapy failure and disease progression.Researches show that the occurrence of radioresistance is related to the cell cycle arrest,relevant gene change,tumor microenvironment change,autophagy,tumor stem cells and other factors.Studying the mechanism of radioresistance and looking for an effective method to avoid it is the key to improve the effect of radiotherapy,which can provide the probability of the prognosis of radiosensitivity.

BACKGROUND:Although the unfolded protein response is a cellular protective response to the endoplasmic reticulum stress,hight-intensity or persistent endoplasmic reticulum stress can still induce cell apoptosis.Therefore,the endoplasmic reticulum stress is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases.OBJECTIVE:To overview the relationship between the endoplasmic reticulum stress and diseases,and the possible mechanisms.METHODS:The first author retrieved PubMed and CNKI databases by computer for the literature published from January 1999 to October 2016 using the keywords of "endoplasmic reticulum stress,apoptosis" in English and Chinese,respectively.Initially 4 883 relevant articles were searched.After exclusion of the repetitive studies finally 59 eligible articles were enrolled in accordance with the inclusion criteria.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The endoplasmic reticulum has been shown to play a crucial role in protein synthesis and folding process,as well as in maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis,and synthesis of lipids and sterols places.Endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction caused by genetic or environmental damage leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress,followed by the unfolded protein response.Unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum and trigger the endoplasmic reticulum stress,resulting in cellular homeostasis imbalance.The main consequence is apoptosis,thereby causing damage to tissues and organs.

Based on the capacitance coupling principle, we studied a capacitive way of non-contact electrocardiogram (EGG) monitoring, making it possible to obtain ECG on the condition that a patient is habilimented. Conductive fabric with a good electrical conductivity was used as electrodes. The electrodes fixed on a bed sheet is presented in this paper. A capacitance comes into being as long as the body gets close to the surface of electrode, sandwiching the cotton cushion, which acts as dielectric. The surface potential generated by heart is coupled to electrodes through the capacitance. After being processed, the signal is suitable for monitoring. The test results show that 93.5% of R wave could be detected for 9 volunteers and ECG with good signal quality could be acquired for 2 burnt patients. Non-contact ECG is harmless to skin, and it has advantages for those patients to whom stickup electrodes are not suitable. On the other hand, it is convenient to use and good for permanent monitoring.
Electric Conductivity ; Electrocardiography ; instrumentation ; Electrodes ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with uvula preservation and radiofrequency tongue base reduction for obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).

METHODSForty six patients with OSAHS were enrolled. One group (n = 22) of patients only received uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with uvula preservation, while the other group (n = 24) had both uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with uvula preservation and radiofrequency tongue base reduction. Polysomnography and distance between anterior pillars (DBAP), distance between posterior pillars (DBPP), length of roft palate, distance between tongue base and posterior pharyngeal wall (DBTP) were measured before and 6 months after surgery.

RESULTSThe pre-operation apnea hypopnea index (AHI), x +/- s, lowest SaO2 (LSaO2) of first group were (56. 5 +/- 6. 0)/h, and 0.626 +/- 0.060 respectively, and 6 months after surgery, AHI was (23.7 +/- 2.7)/h, LSaO2 was 0.797 +/- 0.053. The pre-operation AHI, LSaO2 of second group were (58.4 +/- 5.1)/h, and 0.650 +/- 0.057 respectively, and 6 months after surgery, AHI was (15.5 +/- 3.2)/h, LSaO2 was 0.864 +/- 0.064. After surgery AHI and LSaO2 have changed in both groups (P<0.001). Six months after operation, DBAP and DBPP became withy, length of soft palate became short (P<0. 001). In one group the validity ratio is 72.7% (16/22), the other group the validity ratio is 87.5% (21/24) (P< 0.05), and pharyngeal posterior airway width (PPAW) became withy (P <0.001).

CONCLUSIONSFor OSAHS patients, the obstructive regions should be evaluated. The combined surgery of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with uvula preservation and radiofrequency tongue base reduction could have a better result.

Adult ; Catheter Ablation ; Cleft Palate ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Palate, Soft ; surgery ; Polysomnography ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; surgery ; Tongue ; surgery ; Uvula ; surgery

OBJECTIVETo study the mechanism of Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY) recipe against pulmonary fibrosis relating to MMP-2 activity and type IV collagen expression at lung tissue.

METHODThe pulmonary fibrosis model was induced by intratracheal instillation with bleomycin once in rats. The models were divided into 3 groups: model control, FZHY recipe treated, and methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) treated group, each group was of 14 model rats. Normal control group with 10 rats was intoxicated with the same amount of saline. From the second day of intoxication, FZHY recipe treated group orally took FZHY recipe at the dosage of 4.6 g x kg(-1) rat wt, methylprednisolone treated group received intraperitoneal injection with 15 mg x kg(-1) rat wt of methylprednisolone, while model and normal controls took the same volume of saline, 1 time each day and lasting for 4 weeks. Lung and body weights were weighed and the lung/body ratio was calculated. Collagens deposition was check with Masson stain, and lung hydroxyproline (Hyp) content was assayed with Jamall's method. Protein expressions of MMP-2/9 and type IV collagen at lung tissue were analyzed with Western blot and of MMP-2/9 activities by gelatin zymography.

RESULTCompared to normal rats, the model control rats had a high lung/body ratio, remarkable collagen deposition, increased Hyp content and the expressions of type IV collagen, MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein at lung tissue, increased MMP-2 activity, in particular active MMP-2 activity, but decreased MMP-9 activity. Compared to model control, FZHY recipe and methylprednisolone obviously attenuated pulmonary collagen deposition, decreased lung/body ratio and Hyp content, downregulated MMP-2 protein expression and activity, in particular active MMP-2 activity, and FZHU recipe had some better actions than methylprednisolone on lung/body ratio, type IV collagen expression and active MMP-2 activity. But both drug groups had no influence on MMP-9 protein expression and activity.

CONCLUSIONFZHY recipe has a good action against experimental pulmonary fibrosis and its mechanisms are associated with the inhibition of MMP-2 protein and activity, and with the inhibition of over expression of type IV collagen at lung tissue.

Animals ; Bleomycin ; Collagen Type IV ; metabolism ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Hydroxyproline ; metabolism ; Lung ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ; metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Pulmonary Fibrosis ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of mini-implant lengths on stress distribution in peri-implant surface.

METHODSThe 3D finite element analysis mandible and mini-implant models with diameter of 1.6 mm, lengths of 6, 8, 10 and 12 mm were established. The mini-implants were inserted into designed site of mandibular vertically, respectively. A force of 1.96 N were applied mesioly and 45 degrees tilted mesio-vertically in models. The stress distribution under every condition was recorded and analyzed.

RESULTSWhen load was applied mesially, the maximum stress varied from 3.500 to 3.765 MPa, the maximum displacement varied from 1.266 to 1.288 microm. When load was applied 45 degrees tilted mesio-vertically, the maximum stress varied from 4.075 to 4.510 MPa, the maximum displacement varied from 1.668 to 1.694 microm. All of the maximum stress and displacement of loading mesially were lower than loading mesio-vertically.

CONCLUSIONThe change of the mini-implant length within 6-12 mm don't show much influence on the stress distribution. The loading type is an important factor influencing stress and displacement of peri-implant bone.

Dental Prosthesis Design ; Dental Stress Analysis ; Finite Element Analysis ; Humans ; Mandible

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expressions of myogenic markers MyoD, myogenin,and desmin in skeletal muscle differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs).

METHODSMyogenic markers MyoD, myogenin,and desmin of hBM-MSCs cultured in vitro were detected by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. A total of 21 8-to-10 week-old immunosuppressed mdx mice were transplanted with 1x107 passage 5 of hBM-MSCs. The mice were euthanized 2-24 weeks after transplantation,and gastrocnemius muscle were analyzed for human MyoD, myogenin,desmin,and dystrophin (Dys) expressions by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR.

RESULTSThe numbers of MyoD-,myogenin-,and desmin-positive cells per 100 hBM-MSCs were 23.5∓5.3, 30.7∓6.2, and 28.4∓5.7, respectively. MyoD, myogenin, and desmin mRNA was observed in passage 5 of hBM-MSCs. After two weeks of hBM-MSCs transplantation,a small number of MyoD-and myogenin-positive cells were observed in skeletal muscle of mdx mice,and desmin-positive cells were observed 4 weeks after transplantation. Expressions of MyoD and myogenin were detected in the muscle of mdx mice 2-4 weeks after hBM-MSCs transplantation, which reached a peak 12-16 weeks later. Desmin was expressed in the muscle of mdx mice 4-8 weeks after transplantation,with much more expression after 16 weeks of transplantation. A small number of Dys-positive cell and Dys mRNA expression were presented in the muscle of mdx mice 4 and 8 weeks after hBM-MSCs transplantation,respectively. The expression of Dys in the muscle of mdx mice increased gradually after transplantation.

CONCLUSIONhBM-MSCs have the potential of myogenic differentiation in vitro and contribute to myogenic conversion in xenogeneic animal,during which the up-regulation of MyoD and myogenin expressions may play an important role.

Animals ; Biomarkers ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Desmin ; metabolism ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred mdx ; Muscle, Skeletal ; cytology ; metabolism ; MyoD Protein ; metabolism ; Myogenin ; metabolism ; Up-Regulation

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility and clinical results of applying poly-DL-lactic acid (PDLLA) biomembranes in cleft palate repair.

METHODS68 cleft palate patients were divided into study group and control group. The traditional surgical method was used to control group to close the soft cleft palate, and the PDLLA biomembrane was used to study group and implanted into the surgical gap between the periosteum and bone at the hard palate, and fixed with suture. The duration, blood loss at operation, post-operative complication, wound healing and recovery were recorded and compared to conventional cleft palate repair.

RESULTSOperations were successfully completed on all 34 patients. Wound healing of soft palate and uvula was uneventful with no incidence of fistula or dehiscence. The primary healing on tissue defect of hard palate occurred in 29 patients, secondary healing occurred in 3 patients, permanent fistula between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity occurred in only one patients, and 3 patients left over fistula on alveolar process. Compared to traditional cleft palate repair, blood loss and incidence of fistula on alveolar process were decreased; the average surgical time was 89.25 minutes and was not prolonged; and there was no significant increase in post-operative complication.

CONCLUSIONHard cleft palate repair with PDLLA biomembranes is safe, simple and practical with good clinical results and is beneficial to minimize the bad influences towards the development and growth for maxilla of cleft palate patients.

Absorbable Implants ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cleft Palate ; surgery ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Guided Tissue Regeneration ; methods ; Humans ; Lactic Acid ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Maxillofacial Development ; Palate, Hard ; surgery ; Polyesters ; Polymers ; therapeutic use ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures

OBJECTIVETo study the method with endoscope-assisted microsurgical technique through the supraorbital keyhole approach to treat aneurysms in the anterior circulation.

METHODSAccording to preoperative diagnostic imagings, to work out of the individual operation planning. Skin incision was made in the eyebrow, and the diameter of supraorbital craniotomy was about 2 cm, endoscope-assisted microsurgical technique was used to clip aneurysm. The technique was used in the most recent 12 consecutive patients.

RESULTSFive different kinds of aneurysms in the anterior circulation were clipped through this method and 12 patients were cured. One patient, intraoperative accidental aneurysm rupture occurred. There were no approach-related complications.

CONCLUSIONSThis endoscope-assisted microsurgical technique via supraorbital keyhole approach is a safe, minimal invasive and effective way for the treatment of aneurysms in the anterior circulation, and there is more sufficient operating space.

Adult ; Aged ; Craniotomy ; methods ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; surgery ; Male ; Microsurgery ; Middle Aged ; Neuroendoscopy ; Neurosurgical Procedures ; methods ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo study endoscope-assisted microsurgical technique with supraorbital keyhole approach for the treatment of suprasellar region tumor so as to maximize tumor removal and minimize operative-trauma.

METHODSAccording to high resolution CT and MR images before operation, individual operation schemes were worked out. Skin incision was made in the eyebrow, and the diameter of supraorbital craniotomy was approximately 2 cm. Endoscope-assisted microsurgical technique was used to resect lesions in 16 consecutive patients.

RESULTSTotal Tumors were removed in all of the 16 patients via the supraorbital keyhole approach. No postoperative complications occurred.

CONCLUSIONSSupraorbital keyhole approach may diminish tissue injury considerably and has proven to provide sufficient operating space in the suprasellar region for tumor removal.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Brain Neoplasms ; surgery ; Child ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Microsurgery ; Middle Aged ; Neurosurgical Procedures ; methods