Objective To investigate the effect of remifentanil on protein kinase C (PKC) activity during renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Seventy-five male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 250-300 g,were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=15 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),I/R group,remifentanil group (group R),naloxone group (group N),and naloxone + remifentanil group (group NR).Renal ischemia was induced by clamping the bilateral renal arteries for 45 min using an atraumatic clamp followed by reperfusion.In R and NR groups,remifentanil 1.0 μg · kg-1 · min-1was infused via the caudal vein starting from 15 min before ischemia until 30 min of reperfusion.In N and NR groups,naloxone 0.3 mg/kg was injected via the caudal vein at 20 min before ischemia and 35 min of ischemia,respectively.The rats were sacrificed at 24 h of reperfusion and the kidneys were removed for determination of the ultrastructure of the renal tubular epithelial cells (using transmission electron microscope),activity of PKC in renal tissues (by ELISA),and expression of the PKC in renal tissues (by immuno-histochemistry).Results Compared with group S,the activity of PKC in renal tissues was significantly increased in the other four groups,and the expression of the PKC in renal tissues was up-regulated in group R.Compared with group I/R,the activity of PKC in renal tissues was significantlyincreased,the expression of PKC in renal tissues was up-regulated,and the pathological changes were attenuated in group R.Compared with group R,the activity of PKC in renal tissues was significantly decreased,the expression of PKC in renal tissues was down-regulated,and the pathological changes were aggravated in N and NR groups.Conclusion The mechanism by which remifentanil attenuates renal I/R injury may be related to up-regulation of PKC expression and increase in PKC activity through activating opioid receptors in rats.

Objective To investigate the effects of angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ) or high glucose on the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression,inflammatory cytokines and fibrotic factors in human tubular epithelial cells (HK-2),revealing the innate immune-related pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) which may have clinical implications.Methods Three TLR4 siRNA sequences were designed and synthetized.After transfection,the most effective siRNA was selected to use for further expriments.The experiment consisted of 2 parts.Part 1:Cells were divided into three groups:normal-glucose group (NG,5.5mmol/L glucose),mannose group (M,5.5 mmol/L glucose + 19.5 mmol/L mannose),High-glucose group (HG,25 mmol/L glucose),preliminary validated the effects of high glucose and high osmotic pressure.Part 2:Cells were divided into seven groups:NG group,HG group,Ang Ⅱ group,Ang Ⅱ + negative group,HG+ negative group,Ang Ⅱ + siRNA group and HG+ siRNA group.Real time PCR was used to analyze the mRNA expression of TLR4,myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88),heat shock protein 47 (HSP47).Western blotting was used to observe the protein expression of TLR4,MyD88,HSP47,NF-κB,type Ⅳ collagen (ColⅣ).ELISA was used to detect the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).Results Compared with NG group,TLR4,MyD88,HSP47 mRNA and TLR4,MyD88,NF-κB,ColⅣ,HSP47 protein were highly expressed under high glucose or Ang Ⅱconditions (P ＜ 0.01),and the expression levels of MCP-1 and IL-6 also increased significantly (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with HG or Ang Ⅱ group,the above indicators were obviously inhibited in the TLR4 siRNA groups (P＜0.01).Comparison between blank vector transfected groups and HG group as well as Ang Ⅱ group indicated no statistic significance (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Both Ang Ⅱ and high glucose stimulate TLR4 expression,which result in the up-regulation of inflammatory and fibrotic factors in HK-2.Specific target of TLR4 gene silencing can block the TLR4 pathway that is activated by high glucose and Ang Ⅱ,and thus reduce the inflammatory and fibtogenic factors' release.TLR4 signal is the common innate immune response pathway which induces the release of inflammatory and fibrotic factors in HK-2 under high glucose or high angiotension conditions.

@@

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of different doses ambroxol hydrochloride on lung protection of patients in perioperative thoracotomy. METHODS:60 patients in perioperative thoracotomy were randomly divided into control group(30 cas-es)and observation group(30 cases). Control group received 30 mg Ambroxol hydrochloride injection from 1 week before surgery to 1 week after surgery,adding into 100 ml 0.9% Sodium chloride injection,intravenously,twice a day. Observation group re-ceived 300 mg Ambroxol hydrochloride injection from preoperative 1 week to postoperative 1 week,adding into 100 ml 0.9%Sodi-um chloride injection,intravenously,twice a day. All patients received the second-generation cephalosporin antimicrobial drugs for anti-infection after surgery. lung surfactant-associated protein A(SP-A),intercellular adhesion molecule(ICAM-1)levels preopera-tive 1 week and postoperative 1 week,and incidence of postoperative complications in 2 groups were observed. RESULTS:Preop-erative 1 week,there were no significant differences in the SP-A and ICAM-1 in 2 groups(P>0.05). Postoperative 1 week,SP-A and ICAM-1 in control group and ICAM-1 in observation group were significantly higher than preoperative 1 week,but SP-A and ICAM-1 in observation group were lower than control group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05),there were no significant differences in SP-A in preoperative 1 week and postoperative 1 week(P>0.05). The incidence of postoperative compli-cations in observation group was significantly lower than control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). CON-CLUSIONS:The effect of high-doses ambroxol hydrochloride on lung protection of patients in perioperative thoracotomy is signifi-cantly superior to small dose,which can reduce the incidence of lung complications.

Endodermal Sinus Tumor ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Vaginal Neoplasms ; pathology

Aim To investigate the effect of indirubin derivative PHⅡ-7 and TRAIL on proliferation in breast cancer cell MCF-7 and its MDR counterpart MCF-7/ADR and the mechanism.Methods Growth inhibition rate was examined respectively by MTT assay under treatment with TRAIL or PHⅡ-7 or in combination. Cell apoptosis and ROS production were examined by flow cytometry.The change of TRAIL receptors(DR4/DR5 )in mRNA was analysed by realtime PCR.Re-sults IC50 of PHⅡ-7 on MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR was (4.49 ±1.55 ),(3.44 ±0.90 )μmol · L-1 respec-tively;MDA-MB-231 was TRAIL sensitive cell line, and apparently TRAIL induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-23 1 .Low concentration of PHⅡ-7 in combination with TRAIL could augment TRAIL-induced cytotoxic effect including apoptosis while TRAIL or PHⅡ-7 treatment alone had limited cytotoxity to those cells.Besides, PHⅡ-7 at this concentration had little toxicity to hu-man peripheral blood mononuclear cells even if in com-bination with TRAIL.PHⅡ-7 generated ROS produc-tion inside MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells and up-regu-lated DR4/DR5 expression concentration dependently. Once upon ROS scavenger NAC involved,the effect of TRAIL receptors up-regualtion by expression was abro-gated.Conclusions PHⅡ-7 at low concentration could improve the sensitivities of breast cancer cell MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR to TRAIL,the mechanism of which may be the ability of ROS production by PHⅡ-7 help up-regulated TRAIL receptor DR4,DR5 .Our re-search set a solid foundation for PHⅡ-7 in combination with TRAIL in future clinical application.

Objective To explore the surgical intervention outcomes of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)pa-tients with different extent of the disease.Methods The data of 25 pediatric patients with NEC who were treated with surgical intervention in Shanghai Children′s Hospital from December 201 1 to December 201 5 were retrospectively ana-lyzed.According to the extent of the disease,the patients were divided into 3 groups:focal disease(F),multisegmental disease(M),and pan -involvement(P).The information including operation style,survival rate and time for close osto-my was analyzed.Results There were 1 1 cases with F,8 cases with M,and 6 cases with P.All patients received lapa-rotomy surgery,colostomy,or peritoneal drainage.There were 1 2 patients with very low birth weight,7 patients with low birth weight,6 patients with normal birth weight in this study.There were 1 7 cases with gastrointestinal perforation (9 cases with pneumoperitoneum,8 cases without pneumoperitoneum),8 cases without digestive tract perforation (4 cases without pneumoperitoneum,4 cases with enterostenosis after conservative treatment).In this study,close ostomy was commonly conducted 3 -6 months after the operation,except for 3 cases who received 2 or more times of operation.The survival rate in F group was 1 00.0%(1 1 /1 1 cases),higher than those in the Mgroup with 62.5%(5 /8 cases)and P group with 1 6.7%(1 /6 cases)(χ2 =4.898,1 0.31 2,all P <0.05).However,there was no difference between Mgroup and P group (χ2 =1 .367,P >0.05).Conclusions The extent of disease is correlated to the outcomes of surgical in-tervention,as F had a better outcome than Mand P.Low birth weight is a risk factor for NEC.Protecting the edge of the bowel is a key factor to ensure the survival and improve the quality of life of NEC patients.Close ostomy should be con-sidered when the patients are in a stable condition (liver function and intestinal function recovery,good nutrition condi-tion,etc),and under special circumstances to conduct early or delayed closure of fistula.

Objective To enhance awareness of the dangerous of multiple magnets ingestion in children and to explore the optimal treatment of it.Methods The clinical data of 3 cases with multiple magnet ingestion were retrospectively studied based on literature review.Results Ingestion of multiple magnets (range:2-5 magnets) magnets occurred in 3 cases.Age ranged from 1 to 8 years old.Magnet sources included:2 from children's family,1 from their kindergarten.All patients had several bowel perforations(range:2-4).One case was completed by laparoscopic,1 case was converted to open suegery after laparoscopy,1 case was done by open surgery.All cases got complete recovery after surgical treatment,and no complications occurred by follow-up.Conclusions Ingestion of multiple magnets may show minimal initial physical manifestations at beginning but may result in significant complications later.Two or more magnets separated from each other along the gastrointestinal tract can attract each other across bowel walls,with may result in pressure necrosis,bowel perforation,and fistulas formation and even death.Early surgical consultation with an aggressive surgical approach is recommended.Family and society should be aware of the dangers of magnet ingestion.

Objective To investigate the application effect of nasojejunal feeding tube nutrition in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Methods The clinical data of 54 patients with severe traumatic brain injury admitted to the Department of Surgical Critical Care Medicine,the Third Affiliated Hospital,Sun Yatsen University between June 2012 and December 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. They were divided into either a nasojejunal feeding tube nutrition support group (nasojejunal group,n = 26)or an asogastric feeding tube nutrition support group (asogastric group,n = 28)according to the different ways of enteral nutrition. All patients began to receive nasal feeding whole protein preparations (enteral nutritional emulsion,TPF-D)from the second day after admission to intensive care unit (ICU). The time to reach the enteral nutrition support target,the time of parenteral nutritional support,nutritional index (albumin and hemoglobin),the time admission to ICU,and the incidences of infection and gastrointestinal complications in both groups were observed. Results (1)According to the body weight to calculate calorie demand, the nasojejunal group reaching the time of enteral nutrition support target was faster than that of the asogastric group (3. 0 ± 0. 8 d vs. 7. 7 ± 2. 5 d). There was significant difference between the 2 groups (P < 0. 01). The time of the combined parenteral nutrition support in the nasojejunal group was reduced significantly compared with the asogastric group (2. 0 ±0. 8 d vs. 6. 7 ±2. 5 d). There was significant difference between the 2 groups (P <0. 01). (2)At day 30after treatment,the levels of total serum protein and hemoglobin in the nasojejunal group were higher than those of the asogastric group (64 ± 6 g/ L vs. 61 ± 6 g/ L and 120 ± 17 g/ L vs. 106 ± 16 g/ L,respectively. There were significant differences (P < 0. 05). (3)The mean length of stay in the ICU was obviously shorter in nasojejunal group compared with the asogastric group (11 ± 5 d vs. 14 ± 6 d). There was significant difference between the 2 groups (P < 0. 05). (4)There were no significant differences in complications of the patients,such as the incidences of pulmonary infection,hyperglycemia,and diarrhea between the 2 groups (P > 0. 05). Conclusion Nasojejunal feeding tube nutrition support may be faster to achieve the target of enteral nutrition supports and shorten the time in ICU.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the transport time of preterm infants with respira-tory failure and the clinical outcome. And to determine the transit time in critically ill premature infants. Methods Premature infants in level Ⅱ neonatal ward in Hunan Province Children's Hospital from January 1 to December 31, 2013,admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit requiring respiratory support(invasive and noninvasive),were re-viewed. All the patients were classified into non - standardized transport group and regulate transport group according to respiratory support that infants in the level Ⅱ neonatal ward required. Data on general information,the time of ventilator application,the time of exposure to oxygen,morbidity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD),the cure and improvement rate,length of stay,the total length of stay(length of stay in the local hospital and our hospital),and hospitalization ex-penses were collected. Results Among the 363 infants,there were 107 cases in the non - standardized transport group, and 256 cases in the regulate transport group. The time of ventilator application in the non - standardized transport group was longer than that in regulate transport group[(19. 75 ± 19. 53)d vs(13. 02 ± 12. 64)d,t = 18. 706,P ﹤ 0. 05],the time of exposure to oxygen was longer[(30. 60 ±24. 80)d vs(19. 50 ±19. 24)d,t =6. 883,P ﹤0. 05],the morbidity of BPD was higher[57. 01%(61/ 107 cases)vs 18. 36%(47/ 256 cases),χ2 = 53. 934,P ﹤ 0. 05],but the cure and im-provement rate was lower[70. 10%(75/ 107 cases)vs 83. 20%(213/ 256 cases),χ2 = 7. 912,P ﹤ 0. 05],and the total length of stay was longer[(59. 50 ± 34. 02)d vs(34. 48 ± 23. 69)d,t = 22. 967,P ﹤ 0. 05]than that in the regulate group. But there was no significant difference between the length of stay[(43. 99 ±28. 08)d vs(32. 79 ± 23. 76)d,t =2. 012,P ﹥0. 05]in the non - standardized transport group and regulate transport group,with the hospitalization expenses [(6. 55 ±4. 30)vs(4. 99 ±4. 12)thousands yuan,t =0. 552,P ﹥0. 05]. Conclusions The non - standardized transport group has higher morbidity of BPD,but lower cure or improvement rate,and it has longer length of stay. The 2013 edition of Chinese Neonatal Ward Hierarchical Construction and Management Guide(Proposal)is reasonable,level Ⅱ neonatal ward should be in strict accordance with it to transport regional neonatal.