As an important aminoglycosides antibiotic, gentamicin has been used clinically over decades. With the development in modern biological technology, the mechanisms of gentamicin action and resistance, its biosynthesis and structural modification were studied in great depth. Meanwhile, its emerging novel bioactivities and potential applications are also under extensive exploration. Here we summarize the latest progresses and prospects towards the future development of gentamicin for more efficient and effective uses.
Aminoglycosides ; biosynthesis ; chemistry ; Gentamicins ; biosynthesis ; chemistry

BACKGROUNDKAI1 is a new identified metastasis-suppressor gene whose expression in many types of tumors has been reported. The aim of study is to investigate the role of KAI1 protein in development of lung cancer and its values in predicting the prognosis of lung cancer.

METHODSThe expressions of KAI1 protein were detected in benign pulmonary disease tissue, precancerous disease tissue, lung cancer tissue and metastatic lung cancer tissue in local lymph node using tissue microarray and immunohistochemical method. The relationship between expression of KAI1 protein and clinicopathological parameters of patients with lung cancer was analyzed by Chi-Square test and Fisher exact test.

RESULTSThe positive rate of KAI1 expression was 100.0% in 10 cases of benign pulmonary diseases, 66.7% in 12 cases of precancerous diseases, 24.7% in 89 cases of primary lung cancer and 0 in metastatic lung cancer tissue in local lymph node respectively. The KAI1 protein expression in primary lung cancer tissues had no remarkable relationship with age and gender of the patients and the location of cancer, but had significant relationship with the histological type and differentiated degree of tumor, P-TNM stages and lymph node metastatic status.

CONCLUSIONSThe abnormal expression of KAI1 protein may participate in malignant progression of lung cancer. Its downregulation may promote the invasion and metastasis of tumor cell. Detection of the expression of KAI1 protein may be helpful to predict the prognosis of lung cancer.

BACKGROUNDIt has been proved that EphB4 and HIF-1α are closely related to the oncogenesis and development of lung cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate the biological significances of EphB4 and HIF-1α in lung cancer and their relationship with each other.

METHODSThe expression of EphB4 and HIF-1α was detected in 54 lung cancer tissues and 10 normal lung tissues as control by immunohistochemical method.

RESULTSEphB4 and HIF-1α proteins were detectable in 50.0% and 42.6% of all 54 lung cancer tissues respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the control (P < 0.05); the positive ratios and the levels of the expressions of EphB4 and HIF-1α proteins were closely related to gross types, differentiations and clinical stages (P < 0.05), but not to histological classification, age, sex and lymph node metastasis (P > 0.05). A highly positive correlation was observed between EphB4 and HIF-1α expression (P < 0.01 ).

CONCLUSIONSOverexpression of EphB4 and HIF-1α may play an important role in the pathogenesis, progression and malignant degree of lung cancer. Detection of EphB4 and HIF-1α expression might be helpful to predict prognosis of patients with lung cancer.

Objective:To investigate the effect of peer support-based narrative therapy on postoperative self-image and stigma of patients with head and neck cancer, to provide reference for clinical nursing.Methods:A total of 78 head and neck cancer patients from August 2018 to August 2020 in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center were divided into experimental group and control group by random digits table method, each group were 39 cases. The control group was given conventional nursing, while the experimental group implemented support-based narrative therapy on the basis of routine nursing. The intervention time was 4 weeks. The self-image and stigma of the two groups before and after intervention were assessed by Body Image Scale (BIS) and Social Impact Scale (SIS), respectively.Results:Finally, 37 cases were included in the experimental group and 38 cases in the control group. There was no significant difference in BIS, SIS dimension scores and total scores between the two groups before intervention ( P>0.05). After intervention, the emotional demension scores, behavior dimension scores, cognitive dimension scores and total scores in BIS were 4.41 ± 1.04, 1.95 ± 0.51, 3.81 ± 0.63 and 10.16 ± 2.05 in the experimental group, significantly lower than in the control group 5.08 ± 1.08, 2.82 ± 0.60, 5.42 ± 0.76 and 13.32 ± 1.93, the differences were statistically significant ( t values were 2.76-6.86, all P<0.01); the social exclusion scores, internal shame scores, social isolation scores and total stigma scores in SIS were 17.57 ± 2.67, 9.08 ± 1.55, 12.14 ± 3.73 and 46.14 ± 4.95 in the experimental group, significantly lower than in the control group 19.18 ± 3.70, 10.68 ± 1.61, 14.18 ± 3.83 and 51.68 ± 6.09, the differences were statistically significant ( t values were 2.16-4.38, all P<0.05). Conclusions:Peer support-based narrative therapy can effectively alleviate the postoperative self-image problems and stigma of patients with head and neck cancer, which is worthy of clinical application.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of etiology from patients with hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in ji’an of Jiangxi from 2013 to 2020, and provide effective prevention and control measures for the diagnosis and treatment of HFMD in the region.Methods:We collected 5089 stool and other clinical specimens from patients with HFMD. Fluorescence quantitative PCR was used for enterovirus detection and typing, SAS statistical software was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pathogens from the types of specimens, time, age, gender, and regional distribution.Results:A total of 3 062 positive samples for enterovirus (EV) were detected out of 5 089 samples, with a total positive rate of 60.17%. The proportions of EV71, CoxA16 and other enteroviruses were 15.15%, 16.36% and 68.49%, and other enterovirus infections were the main ones; the positive rate of enterovirus showed a downward trend from 2013 to 2020; the difference in the positive rate of enterovirus in different years was statistically significant ( χ2=118.47, P<0.05). In the past 8 years, the EV71 type of HFMD in Ji’an showed a downward trend year by year. The number of positive cases was mainly concentrated in April-November, with the peak around May and September. There was no significant difference in the positive detection rate between male and female ( χ2=3.44, P>0.05). The positive rate of stool, anal swab and herpes fluid was higher than that of throat swab, and the difference was significant ( χ2=78.76, P<0.01). Conclusions:In recent years, the surveillance result showed that the pathogenic spectrum of enterovirus had changed in Ji’an, relevant surveillance should be carried out according to the actual situation of HFMD etiology in this region, which is conducive to the prevention and control of HFMD in this region.

Objective To investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine(Dex)on osteoporosis(OP)rats and possible mechanisms.Methods The rats were divided into sham operation group,osteoporosis model group(OP,replica-ting the OP rat model with bilateral ovariectomies),Dex-L,M,and H(Dex low,medium,and high dose treat-ments)groups and Dex-H+XAV-939 group(Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor).Micro-CT was applied to meas-ure bone mineral density(BMD)and bone microstructure of rat femurs.The three-point bending experiment was applied to analyze the biomechanics of the femur(maximum load,fracture deflection,elastic modulus).HE stai-ning was applied to observe pathological changes in the femur of rats.ELISA method was applied to evaluate bone metabolism indicators such as alkaline phosphatase(ALP),typeⅠ procollagen amino-terminal peptide(PINP)and typeⅠcollagen cross-linked C-telopeptide(CTX-Ⅰ).The expression of Runx2 and Wnt3a was examined by Immunohistochemistry.Western blot was applied to detect the protein expression of Runx2 and Wnt3a/β-catenin pathway in femoral tissue.Results Compared to the Sham group,the bone volume and number of trabeculae in OP group were obviously reduced,the maximum load,fracture deflection,elastic modulus,BMD,Tb.Th,Tb.N,BV/TV,ALP,PINP,Runx2,Wnt3a,β-catenin expression decreased,CTX-Ⅰ increased(P＜0.05).Compared to the OP group,the bone trabecular structure in the Dex-L,M,and H groups was restored,the maxi-mum load,fracture deflection,elastic modulus,BMD,Tb.Th,Tb.N,BV/TV,ALP,PINP,Runx2,Wnt3a,β-catenin expression all increased but CTX-Ⅰ decreased(P＜0.05).Compared to the Dex-H group,the bone trabecular injury in the Dex-H+XAV-939 group showed a more severe damage.The maximum load,fracture de-flection,elastic modulus,BMD,Tb.Th,Tb.N,BV/TV,ALP,PINP,Runx2,Wnt3a,β-catenin expression decreased while CTX-Ⅰ increased(P＜0.05).Conclusions Dex may antagonize OP effects by improving bone density,biomechanical properties and microstructure.The underlying mechanism might be related to the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Objective To compare the clinicopathological characteristics between primary and contralateral cancers in patients with metachronous bilateral breast cancer (MBBC) who carried a BRCA1/2 germline pathogenic variant. Methods A total of 496 BRCA1/2 carriers with primary unilateral breast cancer were included (196 with BRCA1 and 300 with BRCA2). Clinicopathological information of patients was collected, and the median follow-up for the entire cohort was 10.4 years (0.4-20.8 years). Results Among all patients, 31 (15.8%) of the 196 BRCA1 carriers and 49 (16.3%) of the 300 BRCA2 carriers had MBBC, respectively. Among the 31 BRCA1 carriers who developed MBBC, the proportion of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in primary cancer and contralateral cancer was 61.3% and 67.7%, respectively. If the primary cancer of BRCA1-mutated MBBC was TNBC, the probability of the contralateral breast cancer with TNBC was 89.5% (17/19), which was significantly higher than that if the primary cancer was non-TNBC (33.3%, 4/12) (P=0.004). Among the 49 BRCA2 carriers who developed MBBC, the predominant molecular phenotype of the primary and contralateral cancers was HR+ & HER2- (77.6% and 67.3%, respectively; P=0.53). Conclusion Approximately 60% of BRCA1 carriers exhibit TNBC. If a BRCA1 carrier with a TNBC primary breast cancer had an MBBC, the probability of the contralateral breast cancer being TNBC phenotype is almost 89.5%.

Objective: To explore the association between negative life events and smartphone addiction among middle school students, so as to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for prevention and intervention of smartphone addiction among middle school students. Methods: Using cluster sampling, 8 890 students were selected to survey from 27 junior high schools and 3 senior high schools in a district of Shenzhen in 2022 (baseline) and 2023 (followup). Data were collected through selfresigned questionnaires on basic information, the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, and the Adolescent Selfrating Life Events Checklist. Mixedeffects models were employed to analyze the association. Results: Compared to 2022, the punishment scores of middle school students in 2023 [1.00 (0.00, 6.00) and 1.00 (0.00, 6.00)] decreased (Z=4.27), while the scores of interpersonal stress, learning stress and adaptation [4.00(0.00, 8.00), 4.00(0.00, 8.00); 4.00(1.00, 8.00), 5.00(2.00, 9.00); 2.00 (0.00, 6.00), 3.00 (0.00, 7.00)] increased (Z=-3.04, -8.36, -6.80) (P<0.01). Mixedeffects models revealed a positive doseresponse relationship between negative life events and smartphone addiction (OR=1.08-1.17, P<0.01). Stepwise regression showed independent positive effects of interpersonal stress (OR=1.05), academic stress (OR=1.03), and adaptation stress (OR=1.11) on smartphone addiction (P<0.01). Subgroup analysis of nonaddicted students in 2022 confirmed persistent associations for academic stress (OR=1.03) and adaptation (OR=1.07) (P<0.01). Conclusion Negative life events exhibit a positive doseresponse relationship with smartphone addiction, particularly interpersonal stress, academic stress, and adaptationrelated events.

Objective: To explore the longitudinal association between only-child status and smartphone addiction among middle school students, so as to provide a basis for establishing family intervention measures for smartphone addiction in middle school students. Methods: In October 2022 and October 2023, a preliminary survey and follow-up were conducted among 8 759 middle and high school students from 30 schools in a district of Shenzhen. A self-designed questionnaire was used to determine whether the students were the only-child, and the Chinese Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (C-SAS-SV) was utilized to assess the students smartphone addiction status. A multilevel mixed-effects model and subgroup analysis were applied to examine the association between only-child status and smartphone addiction among middle school students. Results: During 2022 to 2023, the prevalence of smartphone addiction in the cohort of middle school students increased from 24.1% to 25.2%. Compared with only-child, non-only child were more likely to be addicted to smartphones (adjusted model: OR =1.2, 95% CI =1.1-1.4) and also scored higher on smartphone addiction (adjusted model: β =0.9, 95% CI =0.2-1.5)( P <0.05). Subgroup analysis further revealed that compared to baseline, non-only child demonstrated an increased prevalence of smartphone addiction (adjusted model: OR = 1.2 , 95% CI =1.0-1.5) and higher addiction scores (adjusted model: β =0.8, 95% CI =0.2-1.5) after one year( P <0.05). Conclusions Non-only child face higher risk of smartphone addiction. Under the current population policy, it is crucial to address smartphone addiction among middle school students who is not only child.

Objective: To explore the potential causal association between adolescent compulsive behaviour and smartphone addiction based on longitudinal data, so as to provide reference for the establishment of adolescent smartphone addiction interventions. Methods: A preliminary survey and follow-up were conducted on 8 907 middle and high school students in a district of Shenzhen in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Compulsive behaviours were measured by using the Mental Health Inventory for Middle School Students-60 Items (MMHI-60), smartphone addiction was assessed by using the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version ( SAS- SV), and the associations between compulsive behaviours and smartphone addiction were analysed by using multilevel mixed-effects models and subgroup analyses. Results: Smartphone addiction detection rates among middle school students were significantly associated with genders, father s education level, mother s education level, study load subgroups, and whether or not they were single-parent families, and there were statistical differences ( χ 2=17.21-175.34, P <0.05). Students with compulsive behaviours were 2.98 times more likely to develop smartphone addiction than those without compulsive behaviours ( OR=2.98, 95%CI=2.77-3.22, P <0.05). Subgroup analysis of middle school students without smartphone addiction in the first year found that compulsive behaviours significantly predicted smartphone addiction ( OR= 1.76 , 95%CI=1.54-2.01, P <0.05). Conclusion There is a potential causal association between obsessive-compulsive behaviours and smartphone addiction in middle school students, and obsessive-compulsive behaviours in middle school students could significantly predicted the occurrence of smartphone addiction.