Objective To find out the incidence tendency and characteristics of bladder tumors during the past 28 yesrs in our institution. Methods The data from 1980 to 2007 were divided into three stages:1980-1989,1990-1999和2000-2007.Microsoft excel and SPSSl3.O were used to analyze the sex,age and histological types. Results There were 2350 cases of bladder tumors in 28 years.There were 92(66 males,26 females)cases of benign tumors and 2258(1788 males,470 females)malignant tumors,the incidence in male was 3.8 times higher than that in female.The cases of bladder malignant tumors increased,and the female increased faster than male.The peak age of incidence changed from 50-69 in 1980-1989 to 60-79 in 2000-2007.The average age of squamous cell carcinomas was 68 years,which was the oldest;and the average of paraganglioma was 35,which was the youngest.The age of urinary bladder carcinoma in 1980-1989,1990-1999 and 2000-2007 were significantly different(male:57.5±11. 7,62.6±12.3,65.9±11.3;female:58.7±13.6,60.75±12.1,65.85±12.0,respectively,P<0.05).In male,the age of squamous cell carcinomas was significantly different from the age of urothelial cell carcinomas and adenocarnomas(68.0±9.7 vs 59.85±14.1 and 63.4±9.9,respectively,P<0.05).Inverted papillomas were the most common bladder benign tumors;urothelial cell carcinomas were the most common bladder malignant tumors,and adenocarcinomas were the second,squamous cell carcinomas were the third. Conclusion The incidence of bladder malignant carcinomas in our institution increased and the female increased more quickly than male.

Objective To explore the localization and guidance value of infraorbital/maxillary nerve in endoscopic transmaxillary approach, and to provide anatomical data for clinical operation. Methods The eight adult cadaver heads were dissected by means of the endoscopic transmaxillary approach to expose the infraorbital/maxillary nerve, and relevant data were collected. Results In 8 cases, 16 maxillary nerves arose from the trigeminal ganglion of the trigeminal nerve and emerged from the foramen rotundum, transited to the infraorbital nerve at the infraorbital fissure, then traveled in the infraorbital canal and out of the infraorbital foramen. The infraorbital/maxillary nerve could be divided into four segments according to the foramen rotundum, infraorbital groove and infraorbital foramen: the terminal segment, the infraorbital nerve and its terminal branches to the face, distal to the infraorbital foramen; the orbitomaxillary segment and the orbitomaxillary segment of the infraorbital nerve within the infraorbital canal from the infraorbital foramen along the infraorbital groove (length 11.7 ±2.5 mm ), which was readily identified in the roof of the maxillary sinus in all specimens. The pterygopalatine segment, the pterygopalatine segment within the pterygopalatine fossa, which started at the infraorbital groove to the foramen rotundum (length 13.4±2.1 mm); The intracranial segment, the intracranial segment from the foramen rotundum to the trigeminal ganglion(length 15.2±3.9 mm). Conclusion The infraorbital nerve can serve as a anatomical landmark for endoscopic transmaxillary approach to get access to infratemporal fossa, pterygopalatine fossa, trigeminal ganglion and lateral wall of the cavernous sinus.

Objective To evaluate the clinical application of SWI and DTI of MRI in the diagnosis and prognosis of diffuse axonal injury (DAI).Methods A retrospective case series study was conducted on the clinical data of 16 patients with DAI admitted from January 2015 to December 2017.There were nine males and seven females,aged (56.3 ± 4.1) years.According to Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS),there were seven patients with 3-8 points,eight with 9-12 points,and one with 13 points.All patients received head CT examination on admission and then received head MRI examination within one week to record the number of lesions on T1WI,T2WI,DWI,and SWI in CT and MRI examination.On the DTI sequence,five regions including the subcortical white matter,the corpus callosum,the thalamus,the cerebellum,and the brain stem were selected for measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and partial fraction of anisotropy (FA) values.The Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) was evaluated 6 months after injury.The linear correlation between ADC,FA values,GCS,and GOS on admission and after 6 months were analyzed.Results The statistical analysis of CT,T1WI,T2WI,DWI and SWI in 16 patients showed that the detection rates of DAI lesions were 25.6％ (43/168),30.4％ (51/168),44.0％ (74/168),51.8％ (87/168),and 100％,respectively (P ＜0.01).The ADC values of the subcortical white matter,the corpus callosum,the thalamus,the cerebellum,and the brain stem were 0.830 ± 0.148,0.536 ± 0.169,0.838 ± 0.596,0.708 ± 0.157,and 0.713 ± 0.135,respectively,and FA values were 0.487 ± 0.103,0.142 ± 0.040,0.293 ± 0.089,0.212 ± 0.045,and 0.366 ± 0.797,respectively.The GCS on admission was (8.9 ± 3.3)points,and GOS was (4.2 ± 1.0)points six months after injury.The correlation analysis showed that the ADC value and FA value of subcortical white matter and cerebellum were not related to GCS and GOS (P ＞ 0.05).The correlation strength of ADC values in each region with the GCS score in descending order was the thalamus,the corpus callosum,and the brain stem (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01);for ADC with the GOS score,it was the corpus callosum,the thalamus and the brain stem (P ＜0.05 or 0.01);for FA with GCS and GOS scores,it was thalamus,corpus callosum,and brainstem (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01).Conclusion The SWI has better sensitivity to detect DAI lesions than CT and conventional MRI sequences.DTI can accurately,objectively and visually detect the integrity of cerebral white matter fibers.Both SWI and DTI can help make early diagnosis and evaluate the prognosis of DAI patients accurately.

Objective:To construct the c-myc gene silenced hepatocytes, study the effect of c-myc gene silence on expression of oncogenes and apoptosis genes in hepatocytes treated with PM2.5.Methods:According to the c-myc gene mRNA sequence provided by GenBank, three interfering sequences were designed and synthesized, the recombinant lentiviral vector was transfected into L02 hepatocytes. The real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to identify the effect of c-myc gene silencing. L02 cells and c-myc gene silenced cells were used as experimental subjects. The normal L02 cells and c-myc silenced cells were treated with 50 μg/ml PM 2.5 water soluble solution, 10 μM positive control Cr 6+ and a blank control, the treatment period was 24 h. The mRNA levels of oncogenes (c-myc, c-fos, k-ras, p53) and apoptotic genes (Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9) were detected by real-time PCR. The protein levels of oncogenes and apoptotic genes were detected by western blotting. Results:The mRNA level and protein level of c-myc decreased by 81% and 70% in c-myc silenced cells when compared with the normal L02 hepatocytes, the above results indicate that c-myc gene silenced cells were successfully constructed. After c-myc silenced cells were treated with PM2.5 water soluble solution, The mRNA levels of c-myc, c-fos, and k-ras decreased by 84.1%, 45.4%, and 54.6% ( P<0.05) , p53 increased by 192.9% ( P<0.05) , and the expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 decreased by 24.4%, 36.1%, 60.9% ( P<0.05) . In the Cr 6+ positive control group, the expression of c-myc, c-fos, and k-ras decreased by 72.1%, 82.2%, and 54.0% ( P<0.05) , p53 increased by 250.0% ( P<0.05) , the expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 decreased by 34.6%, 36.0%, 68.9% ( P<0.05) , respectively, when compared with the normal L02 hepatocytes ( P<0.05) . Western blotting results showed that the protein levels of c-myc and c-fos increased, p53 decreased after PM 2.5 exposure; the protein levels of Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9 increased after PM 2.5 exposure ( P<0.05) . When in comparison with the c-myc silenced group, the protein levels of c-myc and c-fos decreased, p53 protein increased in PM 2.5 exposed group ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:c-myc gene silenced cells were successfully constructed in this paper. PM 2.5 could promote the expression of oncogenes and apoptotic genes in L02 cells, and c-myc gene silencing can inhibit the expression of oncogenes and apoptotic genes after PM 2.5 treatment in L02 cells.

Objective:To analyze the pollution characteristics and source of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in Shenzhen and Taiyuan, two cities in the north and south of China. Methods:PM 2.5 samples were collected from the year of 2017 to 2018. The levels of 10 heavy metal elements (Pb, Al, As, etc.) , 10 water soluble ions (F -, Cl -, SO 42-, etc.) and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Nap, Acy, Ace, etc.) in PM 2.5 were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) , ion Chromatography and high Performance Liquid Chromatography respectively. USA commercial carbon analysis was applied to detect organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) . Source of PM 2.5 was analyzed by Factor analysis method. Results:The concentrations of Pb, Mn, As, Ni, F -, OC and EC in PM 2.5 of Taiyuan city were significantly higher than those of Shenzhen City, and the concentrations of Na +, Cl -, and PO 43- were lower than those of Shenzhen City ( P<0.05) . Except naphthalene, the concentrations of PAHs in PM 2.5 of Taiyuan city were higher than those of Shenzhen City ( P<0.05) . The main sources of metal elements and water soluble ions in PM 2.5 in Shenzhen included: industry/vehicle exhaust factor (42.64%) , construction/soil factor (34.22%) and ocean factor (17.93%) . PAHs in PM 2.5 in Shenzhen mostly came from fuel oil/vehicle exhaust factor (38.58%) , coal combustion factor (30.78%) and biomass combustion factor (24.38%) . Differently, the main sources of metal elements and water soluble ions in PM 2.5 in Taiyuan included: construction factor (30.26%) , fuel oil and coal combustion factor (24.58%) , secondary particles/soil factor (22.03%) and industry factor (18.89%) . PAHs in PM 2.5 were from fuel oil/vehicle exhaust factor (54.71%) and coal combustion factor (43.54%) in Taiyuan. Conclusion:The sources of PM 2.5 pollution are different between Shenzhen and Taiyuan, the occupational health management must be continuously strengthened, measures should be strengthened contrapuntally on the basis of different pollution sources.

Objective:To construct the c-myc gene silenced hepatocytes, study the effect of c-myc gene silence on expression of oncogenes and apoptosis genes in hepatocytes treated with PM2.5.Methods:According to the c-myc gene mRNA sequence provided by GenBank, three interfering sequences were designed and synthesized, the recombinant lentiviral vector was transfected into L02 hepatocytes. The real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to identify the effect of c-myc gene silencing. L02 cells and c-myc gene silenced cells were used as experimental subjects. The normal L02 cells and c-myc silenced cells were treated with 50 μg/ml PM 2.5 water soluble solution, 10 μM positive control Cr 6+ and a blank control, the treatment period was 24 h. The mRNA levels of oncogenes (c-myc, c-fos, k-ras, p53) and apoptotic genes (Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9) were detected by real-time PCR. The protein levels of oncogenes and apoptotic genes were detected by western blotting. Results:The mRNA level and protein level of c-myc decreased by 81% and 70% in c-myc silenced cells when compared with the normal L02 hepatocytes, the above results indicate that c-myc gene silenced cells were successfully constructed. After c-myc silenced cells were treated with PM2.5 water soluble solution, The mRNA levels of c-myc, c-fos, and k-ras decreased by 84.1%, 45.4%, and 54.6% ( P<0.05) , p53 increased by 192.9% ( P<0.05) , and the expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 decreased by 24.4%, 36.1%, 60.9% ( P<0.05) . In the Cr 6+ positive control group, the expression of c-myc, c-fos, and k-ras decreased by 72.1%, 82.2%, and 54.0% ( P<0.05) , p53 increased by 250.0% ( P<0.05) , the expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 decreased by 34.6%, 36.0%, 68.9% ( P<0.05) , respectively, when compared with the normal L02 hepatocytes ( P<0.05) . Western blotting results showed that the protein levels of c-myc and c-fos increased, p53 decreased after PM 2.5 exposure; the protein levels of Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9 increased after PM 2.5 exposure ( P<0.05) . When in comparison with the c-myc silenced group, the protein levels of c-myc and c-fos decreased, p53 protein increased in PM 2.5 exposed group ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:c-myc gene silenced cells were successfully constructed in this paper. PM 2.5 could promote the expression of oncogenes and apoptotic genes in L02 cells, and c-myc gene silencing can inhibit the expression of oncogenes and apoptotic genes after PM 2.5 treatment in L02 cells.

Objective:To analyze the pollution characteristics and source of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in Shenzhen and Taiyuan, two cities in the north and south of China. Methods:PM 2.5 samples were collected from the year of 2017 to 2018. The levels of 10 heavy metal elements (Pb, Al, As, etc.) , 10 water soluble ions (F -, Cl -, SO 42-, etc.) and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Nap, Acy, Ace, etc.) in PM 2.5 were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) , ion Chromatography and high Performance Liquid Chromatography respectively. USA commercial carbon analysis was applied to detect organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) . Source of PM 2.5 was analyzed by Factor analysis method. Results:The concentrations of Pb, Mn, As, Ni, F -, OC and EC in PM 2.5 of Taiyuan city were significantly higher than those of Shenzhen City, and the concentrations of Na +, Cl -, and PO 43- were lower than those of Shenzhen City ( P<0.05) . Except naphthalene, the concentrations of PAHs in PM 2.5 of Taiyuan city were higher than those of Shenzhen City ( P<0.05) . The main sources of metal elements and water soluble ions in PM 2.5 in Shenzhen included: industry/vehicle exhaust factor (42.64%) , construction/soil factor (34.22%) and ocean factor (17.93%) . PAHs in PM 2.5 in Shenzhen mostly came from fuel oil/vehicle exhaust factor (38.58%) , coal combustion factor (30.78%) and biomass combustion factor (24.38%) . Differently, the main sources of metal elements and water soluble ions in PM 2.5 in Taiyuan included: construction factor (30.26%) , fuel oil and coal combustion factor (24.58%) , secondary particles/soil factor (22.03%) and industry factor (18.89%) . PAHs in PM 2.5 were from fuel oil/vehicle exhaust factor (54.71%) and coal combustion factor (43.54%) in Taiyuan. Conclusion:The sources of PM 2.5 pollution are different between Shenzhen and Taiyuan, the occupational health management must be continuously strengthened, measures should be strengthened contrapuntally on the basis of different pollution sources.

Introduction::The triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, a novel biomarker for metabolic syndrome (MetS), has been validated in the general population as being significantly correlated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, its capabilities to predict CVD in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH) remain underexplored.Methods::We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 16,081 PLWH who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen (China) from 2005 to 2022. The baseline TG/HDL-C ratio was calculated as TG (mmol/L) divided by HDL-C (mmol/L). We employed a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model to assess the association between the TG/HDL-C ratio and CVD occurrence, using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests to compare survival distributions. The increase in prediction risk upon the addition of the biomarker to the conventional risk model was examined through the assessment of changes in net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Nonlinear relationships were investigated using a restricted cubic spline plot, complemented by a two-piecewise Cox proportional hazards model to analyze threshold effects.Results::At the median follow-up of 70 months, 213 PLWH developed CVD. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated a significant association between the increased risk of CVD and a higher TG/HDL-C ratio (log-rank P <0.001). The multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression model indicated that the CVD hazard ratios (HR) (95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) for Q2, Q3, and Q4 versus Q1 of the TG/HDL-C ratio were 2.07 (1.24, 3.45), 2.17 (1.32, 3.57), and 2.20 (1.35, 3.58), respectively ( P <0.05). The consideration of the TG/HDL-C ratio in the model, which included all significant factors for CVD incidence, improved the predictive risk, as indicated by the reclassification metrics (NRI 16.43%, 95% CI 3.35%-29.52%, P = 0.014). The restriction cubic spline plot demonstrated an upward trend between the TG/HDL-C ratio and the CVD occurrence ( P for nonlinear association = 0.027, P for overall significance = 0.009), with the threshold at 1.013. Significantly positive correlations between the TG/HDL-C ratio and CVD were observed below the TG/HDL-C ratio threshold with HR 5.88 (95% CI 1.58-21.88, P = 0.008), but not above the threshold with HR 1.01 (95% CI 0.88-1.15, P = 0.880). Conclusion::Our study confirms the effectiveness of the TG/HDL-C ratio as a predictor of CVD risk in PLWH, which demonstrates a significant nonlinear association. These findings indicate the potential of the TG/HDL-C ratio in facilitating early prevention and treatment strategies for CVD among PLWH.

Background::Understanding the characteristics of newly diagnosed primary human deficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection in the context of the post-antiretroviral therapy era and HIV drug prophylaxis is essential for achieving the new target of 95-95-95-95 by 2025. This study reported the characteristics of newly diagnosed primary HIV-1 infection in Shenzhen.Methods::This is a real-world retrospective study. Eighty-seven newly diagnosed primary HIV-1-infected patients were recruited from January 2021 to March 2022 at the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen. Demographic, epidemiological, diagnostic, drug resistance, and medical data were described and analyzed.Results::Overall, 96.6% (84/87) of the newly identified primary HIV-1-infected patients were male, including 88.5% (77/87) men have sex with men (MSM), with a median age of 29.0 years (Q 1-Q 3: 24.0-34.0 years); of these, 85.1% (74/87) reported high-risk sexual behaviors with casual partners. The rate of condom usage was only 28.7% (25/87). The overall rate of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) was 8.0% (7/87, including 4 PrEP and 3 PEP cases) around the potential exposure, although 41.4% of the patients had prior awareness of such interventions. Moreover, only 19.5% (17/87) had previously used PrEP or PEP. Of those, 58.8% (10/17) of the patients obtained drugs from the internet, and only 35.3% (6/17) reported good compliance. A total of 54.0% (47/87) of subjects were diagnosed by the HIV nucleic acid test. Acute retroviral syndrome appeared in 54.0% (47/87) of patients. The prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) mutation was 33.9% (19/56), including 6 (10.7%) against nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) plus non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), 8 (14.3%) against NNRTI, and 5 (8.9%) against protease inhibitor (PI) only. Conclusions::Owing to the low utilization rate and incorrect usage of PrEP and PEP, massive efforts are needed to promote HIV-preventive strategies in the MSM population. The extremely high prevalence of TDR mutation in this population implies the need for future pretreatment drug resistance surveillance.