The heterogeneity of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in hyperuricemia was analyzed in Uygur,Han,and Kazak ethnic groups in Xinjiang.A total of 2 396 subjects were surveyed.The HDL-C levels were significantly decreased in hyperuricemia group compared with control group in Han and Uygur,while the reverse occurred in Kazak.The serum uric acid (SUA) level in Kazak was the lowest.The SUA was negatively correlated with HDL C in Kazak (P ＜ 0.05).HDL-C was a recognized protective factor for cardiovascular disease.With the lowered SUA level in the Kazak group,HDL-C level was increased.When SUA level was higher than a certain level (such as the SUA-4),there existed a negative impact on cardiovascular disease

Objective To approach the normal manifestations of the hypopharynx of the adults at the level of cricoid cartilage as seen on CT images, and to evaluate their clinical value. Methods Eighty-four CT images of the normal hypopharynx were reviewed. The hypopharynx was divided into three regions:(1) the piriform sinus, (2) the retropharynx area, and (3) the postcricoid region. The postcricoid region of hypopharynx was subdivided into three levels as follows : (1) the upper margin slice of the cricoid cartilage at the cricoarytenoid joint level, (2) the middle portion slice of the cricoid cartilage, and (3)the inferior margin slice of the cricoid cartilage. The anteroposterior and transverse diameters, and anterior and posterior wall thicknesses in the postcricoid region were measured. Depiction of the layers of the musculature and adjacent fat planes was evaluated. Statistical comparisons of measured results were made by using ttest and x2 test. Results The posterior wall tended to be (0. 9±0. 4) mm thicker than the anterior wall. The average transverse extension of the postcricoid musculature was (4. 5±0. 3)mm shorter in female than that in male at CT images. There were statistically significant differences related to sex (at the upper margin level of the cricoid cartilage : the transverse extension was (38. 6±3. 3)mm in male, (34. d±2. 5) mm in female, t = 6. 26,P < 0. 05 ; at the middle portion level of the crieoid cartilage: (33.6±3. 6) mm in male,(28.9±2.8) mm in female t =6.36, P <0.01;at the inferior margin level of the cricoid cartilage:(28.6 ±3. 1) nun in male, (24. 0 ±2. 1) mm in female, t = 7.52, P <0. 01). The transverse diameter tended to taper (10. 1±2. 4) mm from the upper cricoid slice level to the lower cricoid slice levelDemonstration of the intramural fat planes of the postcricoid region decreased from the upper [ 81.0%(68/84)] to the lower region [23.8% (20/84)] of the cricoid cartilage. In fat planes around the postcricoid region at all levels, the posterior fat plane was seen least frequently, and the left-sided fat plane was seen most frequently. There was a statistically significant difference at every level(at the upper margin level of the cricoid cartilage, the visibilities of the left-sided, the right-sided, and the posterior fat plane around the postcricoid region were 77.4% (65/84), 72. 6% (61/84), and 28. 6% (24/84) ,x<'2> =24. 64,P <0.01 ; at the middle portion level of the cricoid cartilage, the visibilities were 89.3% (75/84), 75.0%(63/84), and 34.5% (29/84) ,x<'2> =24. 76, P <0. 01 ; at the inferior margin level of the cricoid cartilage:the visibilities were 95.2% (80/84), 88. 1% (74/84), and 52. 4% (44/84), x<'2> = 13.59, P < 0. 01.Conclusion Knowledge of the normal appearances and variations of the hypopharynx at the level of cricoid cartilage is essential in detecting abnormalities in this area.

Objective To investigate color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI)and transcranial color-coded sonography (TCCS)for detection and evaluation of severe stenosis of intracranial vertebral artery (IVA) before and after stenting,as well as the hemodynamic changes of restenosis and their clinical value. Methods A total of 102 patients with severe stenosis of IVA confirmed by CDFI plus TCCS and DSA from November 2011 to November 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. Extra- and intracranial segments peak systolic velocity (PSV),end-diastolic velocity (EDV),IVA pulsatility index (PI),extracranial resistance index (RI),tube diameter,spectrum morphology,and hemodynamic parameters before stenting and 1 week, 3,6 and 12 months after stenting were compared. According to the results of TCCS,they were further divided into either a restnosis group (n=16 )or a non-restnosis group (n=86 ). Results (1 )The results of TCCS detection showed:PSV,EDV,and PI of the stenotic segments were improved significantly at 1 week after stenting,they were 109 ± 40 cm/s vs. 258 ± 63 cm/s,47 ± 18 cm/s vs. 132 ± 45 cm/s,0. 91 ± 0. 15 vs. 0.75 ± 0. 18,respectively. There were significant differences (all P<0. 01). PSV and EDV of the restenosis group were increased gradually from 3 to 12 months after procedure. There were significant differences between 12 months after procedure and one week after procedure (all P<0. 01). There were no significant differences in PSV,EDV,and PI of the non-restenosis group between the 12-month observation period after procedure and one week after procedure (P>0. 05). (2)The results of CDFI showed:PSV and EDV of the ipsilateral extracranial segment were improved significantly after procedure compare with those before procedure, they were 64 ± 15 cm/s vs. 51 ± 15 cm/s and 24 ± 6 cm/s vs. 19 ± 7 cm/s (all P<0. 05). The RI value and vertebral artery diameter of the extracranial segment were improved gradually,and they reached the peak at 12 months after procedure (0. 61 ± 0. 07 vs. 0. 63 ± 0. 12,P=0. 038;3. 6 ± 0. 4 mm vs. 3. 4 ± 0.5 mm,P=0. 009). Conclusion CDFI in combination with TCCS can objectively evaluate the extra-and intracranial hemodynamic changes before and after IVA stenting,and provide reference information for the effectiveness of stenting and the imaging evaluation of restenosis.

BACKGROUND:Mechanical strain certainly has an effect on physiological activities of osteoblasts. Runx-2 is a target of bone morphogenic protein signal and is an important factor for regulation of osteoblastic differentiation. Bone morphogenic protein signal transduction pathway is involved in physiological response of osteoblast to stimulation of mechanical centrifugal force.
OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of mechanical centrifugal force on bone morphogenetic protein signal pathway under different time period and speed.
METHODS:MC3T1-E1 cells were pre-treated in DMEM medium containing 10%fetal bovine serum for 24 hours, and then divided into control group, 90 r/min group, 180 r/min group and 250 r/min group. Each group was then subdivided into 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours centrifugation subgroups. Experiments were repeated for three times for different centrifugal speed and different time period. Except centrifugation, the control group was under the same environment. Total RNA was extracted and reversely transcribed into cDNA. Runx-2 gene expression was determined by real time fluorescent quantitative PCR.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The expression of Runx-2 mRNA was increased with extension of time, showing a positive correlation between the two. The mRNA expression at 180 r/min was significantly higher than that at 90 r/min and 250 r/min (P<0.01);at 90 r/min and 180 r/min, the Runx-2 mRNA expression was higher than that in the control group (P=0.039), both of them showed significant difference along with the time. The difference of centrifugal force speed and duration is associated with different physiological response of osteoblasts in bone morphogenic protein signal pathway, which plays an important role in mechanical signal transmission and cascade reaction.

Objectives Todynamicallyobservethechangesofhemodynamicparametersinpatients with severe stenosis of unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA)by transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) andtoevaluateandanalyzetherelatedfactorsforinfluencingthestenoticprocess.Methods Atotalof 113 consecutive patients with severe stenosis of unilateral MCA screened by TCD and confirmed by computed tomography angiography (CTA)and digital subtraction angiography (DSA)were enrolled retrospectively. They were divided into either a progressive group (n =43 )or a non-progressive group (n=90)according to the variation of MCA hemodynamic parameters. The effects of age,sex,major risk factors for cerebrovascular disease,clinical symptoms,clinical medication,and drug compliance on the stenotic process were documented and analyzed. Results (1)The comparison of detection rate of the risk factors for cerebrovascular disease:The patients with a history of smoking (72. 1%[n=31])in the progressive group was significantly higher than that (51. 1%[n=46])in the non-progressive group (P=0.022). The period of smoking of the patients in the progressive group were longer than that in the non-progressive group (28 ± 12 years vs. 21 ± 10 years,P=0. 011). (2)Comparison of MCA hemodynamic parameters:The distal pulsatility indexes of MCA stenosis at the first diagnosis in the progressive group were all lower than those in the non-progressive group (0. 66 ± 0. 10 vs. 0. 70 ± 0. 13;t= -2. 096,P=0. 038),and the distal pulsatility indexes of MCA stenosis at the end point in the patients of the progressive group were lower than those in the non-progressive group (0. 61 ± 0. 15 vs. 0. 74 ± 0. 15). There were significant differences (t=-2. 718,P= 0. 008). The peak systolic velocity (PSV)of the progressive MCA stenotic segments at the end point in 10 patients of the progressive group was higher than that in the non-progressive group (299 ± 23 cm/s vs. 244 ± 50 cm/s,t=3. 437;P=0. 001),while PSV of MCA in 33 patients with occlusion in the progressive group were significantly lower than those in the non-progressive group (56 ± 18 cm/s vs. 244 ± 50 cm/s,t= -20. 905;P=0. 000). (3)The regular medication:The patients using statins (atorvastatin calcium)were significantly lower than those of the non-progressive group (2. 3%[n=1] vs. 54. 4%[n=49],χ2 =33. 690;P<0. 01). (4)During the follow up period,the recurrence rates of transient ischemic attack and stroke of the progressive group were significantly higher than those of the non-progressive group (27. 9%[n=12]vs. 6. 7%[n=6],32. 6%[n=14]vs. 2. 2%[n=2];all P<0.01). (5)Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that smokers (OR,4. 403,95%CI 1. 094-14.017),cerebrovascular event recurrence (OR,10. 648,95%CI 2. 530 -41. 261),and irregularly taking statins (OR,5. 675,95%CI 1. 631-152. 740)were all closely associated with the progress of severeMCAstenosis.Conclusion EvaluationofthehemodynamicchangesofsevereMCAstenosiswith TCD follow up study can be used as an important basis for clinical assessment of the outcomes. Stop smoking and regularly taking statins may help to delay the progress of MCA stenosis.

BACKGROUND:Currently, there is no effective treatment for keloids that often recur. Its pathogenesis is stil entirely unclear, and fibroblast proliferation and apoptosis have become a research hotspot.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the expression of Livin, Smac and Caspase-3 in keloids and to analyze their relationship so as to preliminarily explore the significance of Livin, Smac and Caspase-3 in the pathogenesis of keloids.
METHODS:RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of Livin, Smac and Caspase-3 in keloids (n=20) and normal skin tissues (n=20).
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the normal skin tissue, the mRNA and protein positive expressions of Livin were significantly higher in keloids (P < 0.05), while the mRNA and protein positive expressions of Smac and Caspase-3 were lower in keloids (P < 0.05). There was a negative association between Livin and Smac, Caspase-3 protein expression in keloids. These findings indicate that the high mRNA expression of Livin may cause the imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblasts by inhibiting the mRNA expression of Smac and Caspase-3, and eventualy lead to the formation of keloid.

Objective This paper expounds the present situation of the construction and probes into the development path of the medical characteristic disciplines,so as to provide guidance for the development of the characteristic disciplines of local medical colleges and universities.Methods According to the general characteristics of the discipline construction of the local medical colleges and universities,through the analysis of the current situation of the objective development and the restriction of the bottleneck,to analyze the new methods and new ways for the development of the characteristic disciplines in local medical colleges and universities.Results Medical characteristic disciplineconstruction should pursue sustainable development,mining subject characteristics;concise direction of research,enhance the level of scientific research;focus on academic exchanges,build talent echelon;integrate all kinds of resources,construction of subject group;building performance evaluation,pioneering achievement innovation.Conclusions Local educational institutions and medical colleges and universities should fully understand the importance of characteristic disciplines to meet the needs of local development and create brand culture.The characteristic disciplines with prominent advantages,reasonable structure and sustainable development should be established.

Objective To study the changes of oxidative stress and caspase-3 in swine with traumatic hemorrhagic shock in dry-heat environment of desert.Methods A total of 48 Landrace small swine were randomly(random number)divided into 2 groups(n=24 in each group), and then the traumatic hemorrhagic shock was established in room temperature environment and in dry-heat environmentin swine.Dry-heat environment traumatic hemorrhagic shock group (DHS), which was made in an artificial experiment cabin mimic the reality included swine exposed in the dry-heat environment of desert for 3 h (T0, n=6), T1 (50 min after shock modeling, n=6), T2 (100 min after shock modeling, n=6), T3 (150 min after shock modeling, n=6).At each interval, blood sample was collected to detect urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, urine sample was collected to detect neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipoprotein (NGAL), kidney tissue samples were collected to evaluate renal morphological and tubular scores, as well as to detect catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA).Western blot was used to detect the level of caspase-3.Traumatic hemorrhagic shock group of room temperature environment (RTS) was established and variety of assays were carried out as same as those deteced in the dry-heat environment group.Results Compared with the room temperature environment exposed group,kidney damage index, antioxidant and caspase-3 were increased in desert dry-heat environment exposed for 3 h group, but there were no statistically significant difference(P> 0.05).And from T1 then on, the levels of NGAL, CAT and SOD in DHS groups were increased which were significant different from those in RTS group (P<0.05 or P<0.01).There were significant differences in BUN and creatinine at T2 between two groups(P<0.05).At T3, caspase-3 protein content in DHS group was significantly different from that in RTS group (P<0.01).Correlation analysis showed that the NGAL level was correlated with the levels to MDA (rRTS=0.935, rDHS =0.858, P<0.01) in RTS group and DHS group.Compared with RTS group, renal tissue under light microscope showed that Bowman appeared dilated with degeneration and exfoliated epithelial cells, proximal tubule epithelial shedding, and interstitial edema in DHS group.Electron microscope showed that mitochondria became pleomorphic, endoplasmic reticulum with fold broadening.Conclusions When traumatic hemorrhagic shock happened in the desert dry-heat environment, desert dry-heat environment can aggravate kidney damage, possibly by reducing the renal tissue antioxidant enzyme content and increase renal tissue caspase-3 activity to promote renal tissue apoptosis.Antioxidant stress and apoptosis may be an important role in the prevention of the secondary kidney injury induced by traumatic hemorrhagic shock in dry-heat environment.

Objective To identify the role of paravertebral muscles in the pathogenesis of scoliosis.MethodsParavertebral muscles were gotten from the 37 patients(12 congenital scoliosis patients and 25 idiopathic scoliosis patients) during the operations.Cryostat sections were cut by 10 μm nd stained with H&E,m-GT,NADH-TR,ATPase.ResultsMyogenic changes,incuding muscle fibrosis,fiber necrosis,etc,were common in paravertebral muscles of scoliosis patients,however regenerating fibers were quite rare.Diffuse fibrosis and remarkablely disorganized fiber directions presented in most of congenital scoliosis patients,while focal fibrosis without necrosis in most of idiopathic scoliosis patients.Neurogenic changes were found in one congenital scoliosis patient and 4 idiopathic scoliosis patients,however four of the five patients had undergone orthopedics.Thickened capsule wall of muscle spindles and connective tissue infiltration in muscle spindles were found in both kinds of scoliosis.ConclusionThere are some differences on pathological changes of paravertebral muscles between congenital scoliosis and idiopathic scoliosis,which indicates that paravertebral muscles may play a special role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis.

Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) comprises neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by core symptoms of social communication disorders, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors.With increasing incidence year by year, ASD may persist throughout life.The current clinical treatment is mainly behavioral intervention, occasionally supplemented with medication to treat the accompanying symptoms, such as irritability, paresthesia, sleep disorders, and gastrointestinal diseases, but there is still a lack of specific drugs targeting the core symptoms of ASD.Bumetanide, an U. S.Food and Drug Administration-approved diuretic, has been proposed as a candidate to treat the core symptoms of ASD.This article mainly reviews the latest research progress on Bumetanide treatment of core symptoms in children with ASD, providing a theoretical basis for the research and application of Bumetanide.