Autogenous nerve transplantation is the best means for treating peripheral nerve injury. However, it would detriments function of donor area. Therefore, homologous nerve transplantation is adopted in clinic. The key of successful nerve allograft transplantation is to reduce nerve allograft antigenicity. Compared to physics method, chemistry method achieved a better result in reducing antigenicity of allograft nerve. Here, we introduce immune response and characteristics of grafts following homologous nerve transplantation, discuss the pretreatment method which can reduce the antigenicity. And propose that the combination of one or many kinds of methods would decrease the antigenicity of homogenous nerve in future.

OBJECTIVE:To prepare osthole microemulsion and investigate its in vitro transdermal absorption ability.METHODS:The blank microemulsion formula was optimized based on the solubility of osthole in different oil phase,emulsifier,co-emulsifier and pseudo-tertiary phase diagrams.The viscosity,conductance and particle size of osthole microemulsion were investigated.The permeation rate of osthole was determined using drug diffusion apparatus.RESULTS:The viscosity,conductance and mean particle size of osthole microemulsion were 8.07 mpa?s,123 ?S?cm-1,58.0 nm,respectively.The steady permeation rate of osthole microemulsions reached(33.042?3.1)?g?cm-2?h-1(r=0.995 0)and it was 25.5 times over that of saturated osthole solution.CONCLUSION:The result indicates osthole microemulsion with high permeation rate may be used as new osthole preparation with transdermal delivery.

14 cases of postoperative pulmonary embolism were reported. The incidence of this postoperative complication was 0.47‰ during a 5-year period. The main source of embolus was ileo-fomoral venous thrombosis (confirmed in 9 cases). 10 patients died of this complication, autopsy in 6 of them revealed the embolism occurred in a main pulmonary artery on one or both sides. With a review of recent literatures, the authors discussed the causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this fatal complication, and pointed out the diagnostic value of a comprohensive study of clinical manifestations, arterial blood gas analysis, EKG and plain chest film findings. A more aggressive attitude towards the acceptance of pulmonary embolectomy was suggested in those patients who failed to respond rapidly to medical managment.

Chronic myeloid leukemia is a kind of malignant cloning hyperplastic disease of hematopoietic stem cell .The treatments based on molecular biological and immunological techniques will become the new therapies .Gene silence can improve the effects of molecular targeted therapeutic drugs through two ways: one is the target mRNA can be digested by siRNA and the other is target gene lose the stability and reduce the generation of protein mediated by miRNA .Adoptive cel-lular immunotherapy is a treatment method through injecting immunocompetent cells such as CIK , NK, etc into the body of cancerous person .This can improve the immunity of body and the effects of molecular targeted therapeutic drugs .The fur-ther study about basic theory , molecular mechanism and clinical effects will be continued .

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family, is well known for its endogenous antiangiogenic activity. The down-regulation or depletion of PEDF has been shown in many tumor tissues, and it was proved to be correlated with the prognosis of tumor. At present,the biological properties of PEDF and the mechanism of its anti-tumor activity have become a focus research, and it provides theoretical foundation to the treatment of carcinoma.

Objective To investigate the role of hyperoxaluria and unilateral complete ureteral obstruction in the development of renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. Methods Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups randomly,with ten rats in each.The groups were named A(control),B(hyperoxaluric),C(obstructive) and D(hyperoxaluric+obstructive).The rats were sacrificed 2 weeks after operation;left nephrectomy was then performed.The tissue sections obtained from kidneys were examined under light microscopy for the presence and the degree of crystal deposition in the tubular lumen.Apoptotic changes in renal tubular cells were examined using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(TdT)-mediated dUTP in situ nick and labeling (TUNEL) method. Results Oxalate crystal deposition was evident in the renal tubular lumen in groups B and D,while there was no evidence in groups A and C.With respect to apoptotic changes,the mean values of the apoptotic cell count were 1.1?1.1 in A and 31.3?8.0 in B.The values for C and D were 145.0?33.4 and 275.8?51,respectively.There was statistically significant difference between all goups ( P

Objective To explore the clinical and pathological features of carcinoma in bladder diverticulum,and its diagnosis and treatment. Methods This series included 5 cases of carcinomas in bladder diverticula (male,4 and female 1;mean age,73 years).Three cases were pre-operatively confirmed by biopsy with cystoscopy,and 2 were intra-operatively confirmed by frozen section of samples.Of the 5 cases,2 of transitional cell carcinoma underwent partial cystectomy;the remaining 3,each of whom had squamous cell carcinoma,adenocarcinoma and mixed carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma),underwent radical cystectomy and ileal neobladder.After operation 3 cases received chemotherapy,1 case received chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Results The 5 cases were followed up for an average of 23 months (6～72 months).Two cases of transitional cell carcinoma had relapse,and then underwent radical cystectomy and ileal neobladder.Of them 1 died of distant metastasis soon after operation,the other had survived free of tumor for 6 years since operation.The case of squamous cell carcinoma died of multiorgan metastasis 14 months after operation.The case of adenocarcinoma died of myocardial infarction 11 months after operation.The case of mixed carcinoma had survived free of tumor for 6 months since operation. Conclusions Cystoscopy and imaging play an important role in detecting tumors originating from the bladder diverticulum.Surgical operation,especially radical cystectomy,should be performed.Adjunctive therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be conducted if necessary.

Protein Kinase C (PKC) is an important messenger in intracellular signal transduction. So far, at least 11 members of PKC isoforms have been isolated and purified. The mutation of the non-synonymous SNP (1425G/A) of the η isoform of protein kinase C (PKC η), a protein kinase Cη gene (PRKCH) may result in the increased PKCη activity, which is considered as a new risk factor for lacunar infarction. In recent years, the studies about the role of PRKCH in cell differentiation and apoptosis and its relation with some signal transduction pathways have made some new advances, especially, PKCη participates in the regulation of some key enzyme activity that mitogen-activated protein kinase, inducible nitric oxide-synthase and matrix metalloproteinase are closely correlated with the process of atherosclerosis. It will provide a new way of thinking for the clinical intervention of cerebral infarction in the future.

BACKGROUND: One of the basic functions of bone is its adaptation to mechanical loading environment. Bone cells are the mechanosensitive cells in bone tissue. However, the mechanisms by which mechanical signals are transduced to chemical signals that influence bone growth and metabolism remain unidentified.OBJECTIVE: To understand the mechanotransduction pathways in osteoblasts and osteocytes, and to provide a theoretical basis for further study. METHODS: PubMed database was retrieved by computer with key words of osteoblast, osteocyte, bone cells, mechanical stress. According to inclusion criteria, 69 articles were included to summarize the transduction of mechanical signals of bone cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: One of the basic functions of bone is its adaptation to mechanical loading environment. Bone cells are mechanosensitive cells. However, how the transduction of mechanical signals of cells realizes and how regulates skeleton remain poorly understood. Studies confirmed that due to the construction features and cell location of skeleton, osteoblasts and osteocytes are the most important mechanosensitive cells in bone tissue. The process of mechanotransduction can be divided into four distinct steps: ① mechanocoupling; ② biochemical coupling; ③ signal transmission; ④ effector response of bone cells. Through these four steps, the loads acting on the bones are transduced into biochemical signals, and then change the function of bone cells, finally induce the changes of bone structures to adapt the mechanical environment. The regulatory mechanisms of mechanical signals in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells require further investigation.

After the merozoite entered the erythrocyte,the membrane debris in the parasitophorous vacuoles of early ring form was passed out through a narrow external aperture in erythro-cyte to the exterior.The trophozoite was oval or irregular in shape.Ingestion of host cell cytoplasm occurred cystostomally.The asexual parasite possessed acristate mitochondria and was surrounded by a single-membraned pellicle.The gametocyte possessed cristate mitochondria and was surrounded by two unit membranes.The cytoplasm of mature macrogametocytes contained many ribosomes,mitochondria and osmiophilic bodies and a small nucleus while microgametocytes contained fewer ribosomes,osmiophilic bodies and mitochondria and a large nucleus.Three characteristic morphological alterations were observed within the host cells,that is,small vesicles,cytoplasmic cleft and caveola-vesicle complex.The clefts within the cytoplasm of the host erythrocytes were present in all human malarial parasites.The small vesicles distributed all over the cytoplasm were surrounded by a unit membrane.The caveola-vesicle complex consisted of caveolae was surrounded by small vesicles and probably corresponds to a Schuffner's dot.(Figs.1-13)