Background Pancreatic cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive system.It is the fourth major cause of tumor-related death and its morbidity is increasing,and hence it is imperative to develop effective forms of therapy for pancreatic cancer.Peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) is an important gastrointestinal peptide hormone.According to previous literatures,PYY has been shown to inhibit tumor proliferation in cellular and animal models,but there has been limited research on the detailed mechanism of PYY in pancreatic cancer.This study was to observe the effects of PYY on pancreatic cancer cell and investigate the possible mechanism.Methods The expression of Y1,Y2,and Y5 receptors on pancreatic cancer cell lines were detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).The cytotoxicity of PYY toward the MiaPaCa-2 cell was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay; the cell morphology and structure changes were observed under inverted microscope and transmission electron microscope respectively.Apoptosis and cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry.The activity of caspase-3 was determined by activity assay kits and Western blotting.The expression of survivin,vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blotting.Results Expression of Y2 receptor is the most abundant PYY receptor on pancreatic cancer cell.PYY inhibited MiaPaCa-2 cell proliferation,blocked it in G0/G1 phase,increased the proportion of apoptosis cells and caspase-3 activity,and reduced the expression of survivin,VEGF,and COX-2.Conclusions PYY weakened the ability of the pancreatic MiaPaCa-2 cell viability through cell cycle blocking and apoptosis inducing.The inhibition effect of PYY may be mediated by the Y2 receptor.The increased caspase-3 activity and reduced expression of survivin,VEGF,and COX-2 may serve as a novel mechanism in PYY inhibition effect on MiaPaCa-2 cell.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of the color doppler flow imaging (CDFI) technique in the design of the axial pattern flap.

METHODSFrom March 1996 to June 1999, ten patients were included in this study. Among them, there were seven males and three females. Their defects ranged from 6 cm x 8 cm to 15 cm x 20 cm. Before operation, an axial flap was designed by the traditional method. Then CDFI technique of high frequency (5.0-7.5 MHz) was used to examine the major arterial supply of the flap and modify the design accordingly. At last, the modified flap was transferred to cover the defect.

RESULTSAll the patients except one underwent the operation successfully. The cosmetic and functional results of the flap were excellent.

CONCLUSIONCDFI is a simple, direct and accurate method for detecting the vascular supply of an axial pattern flap. This technique should be popularized to avoid blindness of flap design.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Surgical Flaps ; blood supply ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color

Objective: To summarize the diagnosis and treatment of biliary pancreatic duct dilatation. Methods: The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinical data of 22 patients with biliary pancreatic duct dilatation who were admitted to Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine between October 2013 to September 2017 were collected. There were 6 males and 16 females, aged from 33 to 82 years, with an average age of 66 years. Surgical exploration was decided according to clinical symptoms, results of laboratory test and imaging examinations. For patients with space occupying lesions, surgical procedure was selected based on results of pathological examination. Patients without surgical exploration or space occupying lesions were allocated into follow-up. Observation indicators: (1) surgical exploration; (2) relationship of clinical symptoms and preoperative examinations with surgical exploration positive for space occupying lesions; (3) surgical treatment; (4) follow-up. Follow-up using outpatient examination was performed on patients up to October 2018. Follow-up was performed on patients with positive surgical exploration to detect postoperative complications.For patients with positive results of imaging examinations, no jaundice, normal laboratory indicators or mild abnormality, liver function, tumor markers and B-ultrasound were re-examined each month, and computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed once every 3 months. Surgical exploration was performed when total bilirubin (TBil) or tumor markers showed a progressive increase. Follow-up was performed on patients with negative results of imaging examination, jaundice, and mildly elevated CA19-9. TBil and CA19-9 were re-examined monthly, and if they were progressively elevated, patients were transferred to surgical exploration. For patients with negative results of imaging examination, no symptoms, and negative laboratory test, liver function, tumor markers, and B-ultrasound were re-examined once every 3 months, and enhanced CT and MRI were re-examined once every 6 months within one year. Follow-up was performed once every 6 months during the second year, and once a year after two years. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean±SD, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the t test. Count data were descibed as absolute numbers, and they were analyzed using the chi-square test under R×C chart or Fisher exact probability. Results: (1) Surgical exploration: of 22 patients, 11 underwent surgical exploration, and 11 underwent follow-up. Of the 11 patients with surgical exploration, 4 were positive for space occupying lesions including 1 of false negative, and 7 were negative for space occupying lesions. (2) Relationship of clinical symptoms and preoperative examinations with surgical exploration positive for space occupying lesions. ① Relationship of clinical symptoms and laboratory test with surgical exploration positive for space occupying lesions: juandice was significantly associated with surgical exploration positive for space occupying lesions (P<0.05), and elevated TBil and DBil were significantly associated with surgical exploration positive for space occupying lesions (χ²=0, 0, P<0.05), with a sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 100.0%. ② Relationship between imaging examination and surgical exploration positive for space occupying lesions: results of CT, MRI, endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography, endoscopic ultrasonography, PET-CT, and combined imaging examinations had no significant association with surgical exploration positive for space occupying lesions (χ²=0, 0.77, 0, 0, 1.00, 0, 0, 0, 0, P>0.05). PET-CT had no significant association with surgical exploration positive for space occupying lesions (P>0.05). ③ Relationship of imaging examination and laboratory test with surgical exploration positive for space occupying lesions: positive imaging examination combined with elevated TBil and CA19-9 was significantly associated with surgical exploration positive for space occupying lesions (P<0.05), with a sensitivity of 50.0% and specificity of 100.0%. ④ Relationship of preoperative diameters of biliary ducts and pancreatic ducts with surgical exploration positive for space occupying lesions: of 22 patients, the diameters of biliary ducts and pancreatic ducts were (13.8±4.3)mm and (4.6±1.5)mm for patients with positive surgical exploration, (13.0±2.8)mm and (3.5±0.5)mm for patients with negative surgical exploration, (11.6±2.4)mm and (3.2±0.4)mm for patients with follow-up, respectively, showing no significant difference between them (t=0.22, 0.36, P>0.05). (3) Surgical treatment: 9 of 11 patients with surgical exploration followed the standard procedure. Of the 9 patients, 4 were found space-occupying lesions at the choledocho-pancreatico-duodenal junction (3 undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy and 1 undergoing duodenal papilla partial resection), 5 with negative exploration underwent common bile duct incision and T-tube drainage (one patient was unable to pinch the T-tube one month after operation and detected obstruction at the lower end of the bile duct by radiography, and was confirmed pancreatic head cancer by reoperation 3 months after the first operation). Two patients didn′t follow the exploratory procedure, and underwent the child operation only based on the preoperative imaging findings, without intraoperative pathological examination. Postoperative pathological examination showed chronic ampulla and chronic pancreatitis, respectively. (4) Follow-up: 22 patients were followed up for 12-60 months, with a median follow-up time of 36 months. Two of 11 patients with surgical exploration had postoperative gastroplegia, 1 had bile leakage, 1 had incisional infection, and they were improved after symptomatic treatment. Four patients undergoing surgeries for positive exploration had no recurrence during follow-up. Of 5 patients with negative exploration undergoing common bile duct incision and T-tube drainage, 1 was confirmed pancreatic head cancer and underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, 4 were removed T-tube after by T-tube cholangiography at 2 months after surgery. During the follow-up, no positive signs showed in laboratory test or imaging examination. No recurrence occurred in the two patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. Of 11 patients with follow-up, 10 had abdominal pain before surgery, including 3 with pain during follow-up and 7 with symptoms disappeared. There was no abnormalities in the laboratory test. Conclusions The positive imaging examinations combined with jaundice and elevated CA19-9 is an absolute indication for surgical exploration in patients with biliary duct dilatation. Those patients who do not meet this criteria should be distributed into the follow-up. If no positive pathological results were obtained during the operation, the surgery should be terminated and the patients should be transferred into follow-up. The reckless biliary anastomosis or biliary stents placement is opposed.

Objective:Taking emergency department (ED) as a starting point, to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and mortality risk factors of sepsis, and to provide evidences for ED to carry out the strategy of "three early and two lower" for sepsis.Methods:Based on the ED and inpatient medical record management information platform of Tianjin Medical University Gernal Hospital, adult ED patients with sepsis from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2020 were included according to the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock in 2016 and the consensus of Chinese experts on early prevention and blocking of sepsis in 2020. The epidemiological characteristics of patients were retrospectively analyzed. Chi-square test was used to compare the difference of age, sex, hospitalization times, length of stay, hospitalization cost and infection location between dead patients and survival patients, and a stepwise logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of mortality in hospitalized patients with ED sepsis.Results:A total of 7 494 patients with sepsis in ED were included in this study, and the annual and monthly component ratios varied from 3.8‰ to 6.1‰ and 2.0‰ to 9.0‰, respectively. The main characteristics of patients with sepsis in ED were as follows: 40-69 years old (46.0%), male (59.0%), mostly diagnosed with sepsis (96.8%), mainly treated with urban health insurance (59.6%), and ED diagnosis and treatment fees of 2 000-8 000 Yuan (51.1%). The mortality of hospitalized patients with ED sepsis was 24.4% and that of hospitalized patients with septic shock was 28.8%. The main characteristics of hospitalized patients with ED sepsis were as follows: most of them were male (56.2%) patients over 70 years old (56.0%), most of them were diagnosed with sepsis (94.0%) and hospitalized for the first time (76.0%), the median hospitalization time was 15 d, most of them were hospitalized under urban health insurance (65.2%), and the median hospitalization fees was 47 000 Yuan. The risk factors of death were influenced by age and length of stay. Patients aged 70 years or older had a higher risk of death than those aged from 18 to 39 years, and patients with a length of stay of more than 7 d had a lower risk of death than those with a length of stay of shorter than 7 d. The primary infection focus were mainly respiratory and urinary systems, while the death rate of patients with hematological and abdominal infections was relatively high, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.01). Respiratory and abdominal infections were risk factors for death in patients with ED sepsis. Conclusions:The composition ratio of sepsis in ED patients is not regular in time, so vigilance of sepsis in elderly men and patients with respiratory system, blood system, urinary system and abdominal infections should be constantly raised. Patients with sepsis who are older, hospitalized more frequently, hospitalized for a shorter time, and infected in the respiratory system or abdomen have a higher risk of death.

BACKGROUNDPancreatic cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive system. It is the fourth major cause of tumor-related death and its morbidity is increasing, and hence it is imperative to develop effective forms of therapy for pancreatic cancer. Peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) is an important gastrointestinal peptide hormone. According to previous literatures, PYY has been shown to inhibit tumor proliferation in cellular and animal models, but there has been limited research on the detailed mechanism of PYY in pancreatic cancer. This study was to observe the effects of PYY on pancreatic cancer cell and investigate the possible mechanism.

METHODSThe expression of Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptors on pancreatic cancer cell lines were detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The cytotoxicity of PYY toward the MiaPaCa-2 cell was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay; the cell morphology and structure changes were observed under inverted microscope and transmission electron microscope respectively. Apoptosis and cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry. The activity of caspase-3 was determined by activity assay kits and Western blotting. The expression of survivin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blotting.

RESULTSExpression of Y2 receptor is the most abundant PYY receptor on pancreatic cancer cell. PYY inhibited MiaPaCa-2 cell proliferation, blocked it in G0/G1 phase, increased the proportion of apoptosis cells and caspase-3 activity, and reduced the expression of survivin, VEGF, and COX-2.

CONCLUSIONSPYY weakened the ability of the pancreatic MiaPaCa-2 cell viability through cell cycle blocking and apoptosis inducing. The inhibition effect of PYY may be mediated by the Y2 receptor. The increased caspase-3 activity and reduced expression of survivin, VEGF, and COX-2 may serve as a novel mechanism in PYY inhibition effect on MiaPaCa-2 cell.

Blotting, Western ; Caspase 3 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; genetics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Dipeptides ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; genetics ; metabolism