OBJECTIVE To study the nephrotoxicity induced by bakuchiol alone and bakuchiol combined with psoralen and to explore its mechanism. METHODS The cytotoxicities of bakuchiol and bakuchiol combined with psoralen were investigated using human renal tubular epithelial cell lines (HK-2), in presence or absence of hepatic S9 mixture. The HK-2 cells were exposed to culture medium alone (blank control), 0.5% DMSO (vehicle control), aristolochic acid Ⅰ (AAⅠ;positive control), psoralen 5 μmol·L~(-1) group, bakuchiol 5,10,20,30 and 40 μmol·L~(-1) groups, and bakuchiol+psoralen (20+5), (30+5) and (40+5)μmol·L~(-1) groups, respectively. The cell viabilities were examined by MTT assay; cell membrane injuries were examined by detecting lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate; and the morphological changes in HK-2 cells were observed with contrast microscope. The rate of cell apoptosis was detected by AnnexinⅤ/PI staining, and cell cycle was detected by PI staining with flow cytometry. RESULTS No cytotoxicity was found in psoralen 5 μmol·L~(-1) group. The HK-2 cell viabilities were significantly reduced after 4, 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure to either bakuchiol 20, 30 and 40 μmol·L~(-1)groups or bakuchiol+psoralen (20+5), (30+5) and (40+5)μmol·L~(-1) groups in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The IC_(50) values of bakuchiol were (26.4±4.8), (21.8±0.6) and (24.1±0.8)μmol·L~(-1) for 24, 48 and 72 h exposure, respectively. The cytotoxicity of bakuchiol was significantly decreased in presence of hepatic S9 mixture. The LDH release rate of HK-2 cell increased significantly after 24 h of exposure to bakuchiol 20,30 and 40 μmol·L~(-1) or bakuchiol+psoralen groups. With the concentration and time increasing, the HK-2 cells became more and more contracted and rounded. In bakuchiol 40 μmol·L~(-1) or bakuchiol+psoralen (20+5), (30+5) and (40+5)μmol·L~(-1) groups, HK-2 cells showed apoptotic characters. In bakuchiol or bakuchiol+psoralen groups, apoptotic cells significantly increased and cells in G2 phase markedly decreased. CONCLUSION Bakuchiol has a significant cytotoxicity in HK-2 cells, and combined with psoralen can not decrease its toxicity. The cytotoxicity of bakuchiol is significantly reduced in the presence of hepatic S9 mixture. The possible mechanisms of the renal cytorotoxicity of bakuchiol are as follows: ① direct damage to the cell membrane; ② inducing cell apoptosis; ③ inhibiting intracellular DNA synthesis and block cell mitosis and proliferation.

Cinnabar has been an important traditional Chinese medicine as a sedative and soporific agent for more than 2000 years. It is a naturally occurring mercuric sulfide and containing more than 96% mercuric sulfide (HgS). There are about 10% -30% Chinese patent medicines containing cinnabar according to the Pharmacopoeia of China (2005). It's hard to deny that cinnabar has therapeutic effect in clinic practice. However, cinnabar's extraordinary high containing mercury makes people hesitate to use. Furthermore, the abuse of cinnabar, which caused intoxication cases, has been reported occasionally. The safety and toxicity of cinnabar has been debated for centuries. The exact mechanism of cinnabar is still largely unknown. The present review focused on researches about cinnabar's mechanisms of pharmacological and toxicological effects since 2000.
Animals ; Drug Therapy ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Humans ; Mercury Compounds ; pharmacology ; toxicity

AIM: To investigate the expression of voltage-gated chloride channels (ClC)-3 protein and mRNA in human glioma specimen and its biological function. METHODS: The expression of C1C-3 was observed by immunohistochemical staining in 24 cases of human glioma, 4 cases of brain metastic cancer specimens and 5 cases of normal brain tissue as control; The C1C-3 mRNA expression were detected in the specimens with positive expression of ClC-3 protein by RT-PCR. RESULTS: ClC-3 protein was found negative in 4 cases of normal brain tissues and positive in 19 cases of human glioma and 4 cases of brain metastic cancer specimens. ClC-3 protein was mainly expressed in the membrane or cytoplasm of neoplastic cells and microvascular endothelial cells. The expression of ClC-3 mRNA was detected in 16 cases of human glioma and 4 cases of brain metastasis cancer specimens among the tissues with the positive expression of ClC-3 protein. The level of protein and RNA of ClC-3 in high malignant oligodendrogliomas was higher than that in low malignant ones. CONCLUSION: ClC-3 is generally expressed in human glioma and brain metastic cancer and is probably correlated with the classification of its pathological malignance.

OBJECTIVETo develop a new quality control method for cinnabar, in order to ensure the safety application of cinnabar.

METHODThree inorganic mercury compounds (HgS, HgO, and HgCl2) and cinnabar samples were analyzed by laser Raman spectroscopy. The cinnabar samples were identified by comparing the Raman band in the Raman spectrum with pure HgS.

RESULTDifferent Raman bands were observed among three inorganic mercury compounds. The Raman spectroscopic results indicated that cinnabar samples showed the same Raman band as pure HgS, consisting with the HgS contents by XRF analysis.

CONCLUSIONThe Raman spectroscopic method is simple, rapid, and reliable. It can be applied as an alternative quality control method for cinnabar.

Objective:To investigate the prognostic significance of D-dimer level in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).Methods:The clinical data of 70 newly diagnosed DLBCL patients who were admitted to Tianjin People's Hospital from January 2015 to June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The optimal cut-off value of D-dimer for survival was determined according to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the patients were grouped. The differences of coagulation related indexes and clinicopathological features between patients with different D-dimer levels were compared. Kaplan-Meier method was used for univariate analysis of overall survival (OS), and Cox regression model was used for multivariate analysis of OS.Results:According to ROC curve, the best cut-off value of D-dimer for survival was 0.75 mg/L. The proportion of patients with different clinical staging, international prognostic index score, lactate dehydrogenase level had statistically significant differences between the D-dimer ≥0.75 mg/L group (36 cases) and <0.75 mg/L group (34 cases) (all P < 0.05). The prothrombin time of D-dimer ≥ 0.75 mg/L group and < 0.75 mg/L group were (13.5±0.9) s and (13.0±0.8) s, respectively, and the activated partial thromboplastin time were (37±5) s and (34±6) s, respectively,and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed that the 5-year OS rates of DLBCL patients with Ann Arbor stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ, international prognostic index score > 2, lactate dehydrogenase level > 240 U/L, B symptoms, D-dimer level ≥0.75 mg/L were decreased (all P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that D-dimer ≥0.75 mg/L was an independent risk factor for OS of DLBCL patients ( HR=0.368, 95% CI 0.144-0.944, P= 0.038). Conclusion:The level of D-dimer can be used as a clinical indicator to judge the prognosis of DLBCL patients, and the prognosis of patients with high D-dimer level is poor.

As the focus of public health work in the world, diabetic foot disease has aroused high public concern. This paper introduces the application of the diabetic foot wearable monitoring equipment types, including plantar pressure monitoring, temperature monitoring, monitoring of the biomechanics and multimode monitoring, and wearable devices application status in patients with diabetes, puts forward the existing problems and prospect, in order to carry out domestic related to diabetic foot wearable monitoring equipment research to provide the reference.

Esophageal cancer is one of the common tumors in China. Esophageal perforation is a common complication of esophageal carcinoma. Currently, there is no consensus on the treatment of esophageal perforation of esophageal carcinoma at home and abroad. Twenty-seven articles were selected from PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang database between 1997 to December 2017. The mechanism of esophageal perforation and clinical characteristics in these 27 articles were analyzed. Surgery can improve the survival rate, but the risk of perioperative complications may be increased. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with nutritional support can significantly improve the survival rate.

Objective To identify the blood components of Fuzheng Huayu capsule by ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Methods ACQUITY UPLCHSS T3 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) was used to chromatographic separation; mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (A) −0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution (B). The gradient elution conditions included: 0−3 min, 2% B; 3−18 min, 2%−50% B; 18−22 min, 50%−95% B; 22−25 min, 95% B. The equilibration time was 10 min, the flow rate was 0.40 ml/min, and the analysis time was 25 min. The mass spectrometry was characterized by electrospray ionization by a positive-negative ion mode scan with a range of 100-1 100 m/z. Results 49 components were identified in the serum samples at one time, of which 4 were positive and negative ion modes. Conclusion The blood components of Fuzheng Huayu capsule were clarified by this method, which enriched the scientific connotation of Fuzheng Huayu capsule, and laid the foundation for the in-depth study of the compound.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiological situation and temporal-spatial clustering changes of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Hunan.
 METHODS: Spatial autocorrelation and temporal-spatial clustering analysis were used to analyze the HFMD in Hunan.
 RESULTS: The incidence rates of HFMD ranged from 54.31/10 million to 318.06/10 million between 2009 and 2015 in Hunan. Cases mainly displayed in 5-year-old or even younger children and there were two epidemic periods each year. HFMD cases did not show a random distribution but with significant spatial aggregation. When local autocorrelation analysis was applied at the county/district level, 4 hot spots in Changsha, Yiyang, Loudi and Zhuzhou were discovered. The tendency for temporal and spatial clustering existed among HFMD cases in Hunan. The temporal dimension of HFMD was from April to July annually. Clustering areas gathered in the northern regions in 2009 and in the middle regions from 2010 to 2012. They moved to middle-southern regions in 2013 or 2014 and middle-western regions in 2015. 
 CONCLUSION The HFMD incidence from 2009 to 2015 in Hunan showed temporal and spatial clustering tendency, with the shifting trend of clustered areas toward south and west.
Cluster Analysis ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; Humans ; Incidence

Objective To evaluate therapeutic effects of dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ on hepatic fibrosis based on liver metabolomics method. Methods 28 rats were randomly divided into four groups including control group, hepatic fibrosis model group and dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ low dose group and dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ high dose group. The dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ treated groups received dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ for 28 days. The rat liver samples were collected and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS). The OPLS-DA pattern recognition analysis of metabolomics differences among the groups and therapeutic effects of dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ on hepatic fibrosis were evaluated. Results 38 metabolites were identified through liver metabolomics analysis. The possible mechanism of hepatic fibrosis was mainly involved glutathione metabolism, melatonin metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and TCA cycle. The hepatic fibrosis induced by TAA was reversed by dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ. Conclusion Dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ provided satisfactory therapeutical effects on hepatic fibrosis through partially regulating the perturbed glutathione metabolism, melatonin metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, TCA cycle.