Objective To analyze the constituent and clinical features of the senile females who underwent surgery for gynecological tumors and traumatic diseases,so as to enhance the surgical safety and efficacy.Methods From Jan.2003 to Dec.2006,a total of 178 female patients,who were undergone surgery for gynecological tumors or traumatic diseases,were involved in present study,of whom the clinical data,the patients' constituent and pre-operative complications were retrospectively analyzed.The cases selected were allocated into two groups according to their age:the observation group included 116 patients with age ≥60,among them 86 cases were undergone operation for gynecological tumors and 30 cases for traumatic diseases;the control group included 62 patients with age of 40-50 and comparable parity and body weight,among them 54 cases were undergone operation for gynecological tumors and 8 cases for traumatic diseases.Results The number of the patients operated for gynecologic tumors remained the majority annually,whereas a yearly increase of traumatic diseases was noticed with 3.1 and 1.8 folds increasing in 2006 compared to that in 2003 and 2004,respectively(P

Objective:To study the changes of plasma orphanin (OFQ) level in post-partum depression (PPD). Methods:The level of plasma OFQ of 24 patients with post-partum depression (PPD group) and 25 healthy lying-in women (control group) were measured by radioimmunoassay.Results:The level of plasma OFQ in PPD group was 27.39?6.04 ng/L , and that of control group was 10.37?3.65 ng/L,the difference was statistically significant(P

BACKGROUND: Endogenous opioid peptide is an important medium and regulator that participate in many physical and pathologic processes of the body. Its relationship with fetal encephalopathy has attracted much attraction.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of endogenous opioid peptides (EOP) in fetal distress.DESIGN: A case-control observatory study based on healthy pregnant women.SETTING: Wards of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-three healthy women who were hospitalised in Changzheng Hospital and Changhai Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA and met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 40 were normal healthy pregnant women(the control group) and 43 were healthy pregnant women with fetal distress(the fetal distress group).METHODS: Radioimmunoassay was used to measure the levels of blood EOP(β-endorphin, dynorphin A1- 13 and leu-enkephalin) of the venous blood of the pregnant women in fetal distress group and the control group and the EOP level in the umbilical blood of the newborns. Also, blood gas analysis of the blood from the umbilical artery was conducted.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The levels of EOP in the venous blood of two groups of pregnant women and the umbilical blood of newborns and the correlation of EOP level with fetal distress.RESULTS: The levels of the umbilical artery blood EOP(β-endorphin,dynorphin A1-13 and leu-enkephalin) in the fetal distress group[(453± 68 ) ng/L, (242 ± 33)ng/L, and(498 ± 68)ng/L respectively] were significantly higher than those in the control group[ (251 ± 39) ng/L, (103± 22 )ng / L and(322 ± 40 )ng / L respectively ( t = 2. 713,2. 762, P＜ 0.01; t = 2. 132, P ＜ 0.05 ) ]. The umbilical artery blood gas analysis;pH was (7.0 ± 0. 1 ) , PO2 was ( 1.7 ± 0.6) kPa, PCO2 was (8.9 ± 0. 7) kPa.The levels of β-endorphin were negatively correlated with pH and PO2 of the umbilical artery blood(r= -0.418 and -0.437, P ＜ 0.01), but they were positively correlated with PCO2( r = 0. 442, P ＜ 0. 05) . The level of dynorphin A1-13 was negatively correlated with pH and PO2( r = -0. 337,-0.383, P ＜ 0.05), but it was positively correlated with PCO2(r= 0. 346, P ＜ 0. 05). There was no significant difference among the three kinds of blood EOP of the two groups( P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: EOP participates in the pathological progress of the fetal distress and was closely correlated with the occurrence and development of the fetal distress. This finding has a reference value for early rehabilitation and intervention after the fetal was born that can be tested quantitatively.

BACKGROUND: Orphanin (OFQ) is associated with ischemia/hypoxia,which may play an important role in the production and development of fetal distress and neonatal asphyxia.OBJECTIVE: To observe the change of OFQ content in hypothalamus and peripheral blood of intrauterine ischemia/hypoxia fetal rats and analyze the role of OFQ in the perinatal ischemia/hypoxia.DESIGN: Randomized controlled animal trial.SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhai Hospital of the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhai Hospital of the Secon d Military Medical University of Chinese PLA from May 2002 to September 2003. A total of 12 Wistar female rats, with the mean body mass of 260 g were selected and fed routinely [provided by the experiment animal center of this university, number of certificate scxk(Hu)2002/0006].METHODS: The 12 female rats were randomized into three groups: control group, ischemia/hypoxia for 10 minutes group, ischemia/hypoxia for 20 minutes group with 4 rats in each group. Female rats in each group were pregnant. On day 21 of pregnancy, female rats in each group were cut the belly open, and the uterine vessels were incarcerated for 10 minutes in the ischemia/hypoxia for 10 minutes group with 21 fetal rats and 20 minutes in the ischemia/hypoxia for 20 minutes group with 17 fetal rats, respectively. Fetal rats were directly obtained from control group with 19 ones. None of fetal rats died. All the fetal rats received Apgar score and decapitation. The blood of trunk was collected and the whole brain was obtained. OFQ content in hypothalamus and peripheral blood was measured with radioimmunoassay.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: OFQ content in hypothalamus and peripheral blood of fetal rats in each group.RESULTS: Totally 57 rats were involved in the result analysis. ①The levels ofOFQ in hypothalamus and peripheral blood were (71±14) pg/g and (31±7) ng/L in ischemia/hypoxia for 10 minutes group, (114±21) pg/g and (58±11) ng/L in ischemia/hypoxia for 20 minutes group, (48±9) pg/g and (19±4) ng/L in the control group. Compared with the control group, the levels of OFQ in hypothalamus and peripheralblood increased in the ischemia/hypoxia for 10 minutes group and ischemia/hypoxia for 20 minutes group (P＜ 0.05, P ＜ 0.01), and it in ischemia/hypoxia for 10 minutes group was significantly higher than that in ischemia/hypoxia for 20 minutes group (P ＜ 0.05). ②The score of Apgar was lower in the two groups than in the control group (P ＜ 0.01 ), of which it was lower in the ischemia/hypoxia for 20minutes group than in the ischemia/hypoxia for 10 minutes group (P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: The perinatal ischemia and hypoxia can induce the increase of OFQ content in hypothalamus and peripheral blood.

VE: Chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate were used as Complex matrix material for preparing pellets loading sodium diclofenac and its properties were studied. METHODS Chitosantripolyphosphate sodium polyelectrolyte was prepared according to the principle of static electricity polymerization. Its properties and structure characteristics were further investigated. The preparation process, effective factors and the optimal condition for the pellets loading sodium diclofenac were studied. RESULTS IR indicated that the structure of compound contained -NH3+-O-P group. DTA demonstrated that polyelectrolyte had an exothermic peak. There was no interaction between the drug and expedient. SEM showed that the surface of the pellets was regular, dense and the structure of the surface wasn't consistent with the inner. The pellets prepared by this method were uniform, round, well-distributed, hardy, good-mobility and its average diameter was about 10mm. CONCLUSION Chitosan-tripolyphosphate sodium polyelectrolyte could be used as a good matrix material for preparing pellets.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of endoluminal catheter-based ultrasonography on diagnosis of upper urinary tract diseases. Methods From January 1997 to December 2006,the clinical data of upper urinary tract of 68 cases who examined by endoluminal uhrasonography with a 10 MHz miniature ultrasound transducer and a 8 F outer catheter were reviewed.There were 30 males and 38 females aged 17-81 years with an average of 58 years.The renal pelvis and its surrounding structures were examined in 48 cases and the ureter and its surrounding structures were examined in 20 cases.The total of 73 sides had experienced by this technique.The accuracy of diagnosis with endoluminal catheter-based ultrasonography was evaluated by the pathology and clinical follow-up. Results The total success rate of the ultrasound probe introduced into ureter was 91%in 68 cases.In the pelvis group it was 96%(46/48)and the ureter group 80%(16/20).In renal pelvis abnomalities,the detectable rate of abnormal by ultrasonography was 89%(41/46).The total detectable rate in ultrasound probe group was significantly higher than that in other equipment groups(P＜0.01).The detectable rate of ultrasonography on ureter disease was 75%(12/16). Conclusion Endoluminal catheter-based ultrasonography is an effective,safe technique for the diagnosis of diseases in the upper urinary tract.

Objective To investigate subacute exposure of airborne particulate matter (PM) on pregnancy and fetal development in female mice. Methods Forty female and forty male ICR adult mice group (A), small (B) , middle (C) , large (D) or overdose (E) PM challenge groups (n = 8 - 11), and were administered with 30 μl of phosphate buffered solution (A) or resuspended standard PM SRM 1649a at 0.09 (B), 0.52 (C), 1.85 (D) or 69.2 (E) μg/μl, once per trid from d 0 till d 19 of pregnancy via instillation onto the base of the tongue. Fetal mice were harvested by cesarean section at the time when spontaneous delivery occurred. Body weight of the pregnant mice, gestational days, intrauterine survival and growth, hepatic and pneumonic histopathological changes of the fetal mice were investigated. Lung/body and liver/body weight ratios were calculated. Expressions of mRNA and protein of CYP1A1 in the fetal lung and CYP1 A2 in the fetal liver were assayed. Results (1) All of the pregnant mice survived pregnancy throughout the entire experiment. Body weight of the pregnant mice was not significantly different among all the groups at gestational d 1 and 7 (P ＞ 0.05), but significantly lower in group E [(41.8 ± 5.8) and (48.9 ± 8.9) g] than in group A [(45.9 ± 1.8) and (56.2 ± 4.9) g] at gestational d 14 and 18 (P ＜0.05). The gestational days were significantly decreased in group E [(19.3 ± 1.3) d] when compared with group A [(20.5 ± 0.7) d; P ＜ 0.05] and were not significantly different among groups A, B, C and D (P ＞ 0.05). Lung/body and liver/body weight ratios of the fetal mice were significantly increased in group E [(1.21 ±0.18) and (4.68 ±0.21)%] as compared with groups A, B, C and D (P＜0.05). (2)Mortality rates of the fetuses were significantly higher in group E (23.0%) than in groups A (0.8%), B (0.9%), C (1.7%) and D (3.7%) (P ＜ 0.05), but were not significantly different among groups A,B, C and D (P ＞ 0.05) despite of an increasing tendency. (3) Pathological changes in the liver and lung of the fetuses were conspicuous in group E. The fetal liver injury was histopathologically evidenced by deranged tissue structure, degenerated parenchyma of hepatic cells, and mildly stained cytoplasm. Adipose degeneration was represented by clear-boundary intracytoplasmic vacuoles in most of the liver cells, and cell pyknosis with heavily stained cytoplasm was observed in some of the liver cells. Inflammatory cell infiltration and focal necrosis were occasionally found in the hepatic tissue. The fetal lung exhibited bronchiole with narrow lumina, vascular engorgement in the submucosal layer, interstitial and alveolar edema, thickened alveolar septum, granulocyte and lymphocyte infiltrations within the pulmonary alveoli and around the bronchioles. The above pathological changes were lesser in groups C and D, and were not or least found in groups A and B. (4) Protein expressions of CYP1A1 in the fetal lung and CYP1A2 in the fetal liver were significantly increased in group E (1.20 ± 0.40 and 2.55 ± 0.89) when compared with group A (0.77 ±0.36 and 2.08 ±0.31) (P ＜ 0.05). mRNA expressions of CYP1A1 in the fetal lung were significantly increased in groups C (0.36 ±0.12), D (0.41 ±0.08) and E (0.43 ±0.11) compared with group A (0.21 ±0.10), and significantly increased in groups D and E compared with group B (0.28 ±0.10,P＜0.05). mRNA expressions of CYP1 A2 in the fetal liver were significantly increased in groups C (0.37 ±0.13), D (0.36 ±0.14) and E (0.43 ±0.16) compared with group A (0.21 ±0.03), and significantly increased in group E compared with group B (0.24± 0.11, P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions PM elicited embryotoxigenicity and resulted in adverse pregnancy outcomes in mice by intrauterine exposure of overdose PM. The expressions of cancer-related genes CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 were up-regulated in organs after the middle- and large-dose subacute exposure of PM, which may have a potential role on the future development.

BACKGROUND: Endogenous opioid peptides are mainly mediated by μ receptor and produce inhibitory effect on breathing and heartbeat, and because of this, fetal distress happens and develops. Therefore, μ receptor mediation is the most important way that endogenous opioid peptides participate in the fetal distress and the pathological process of suffocation. Β-FNA (β-Funaltrexamine, μ-receptor antagonist) and ICI174864(δ-receptor antagonist) are helpful to reduce the happening of fetal distress.OBJECTIVE: To explore the roles of μ and δ receptors in the fetal distress based on the point of view that opioid peptides are involved.DESIGN: Completely randomized allocation and randomized and controlled trial using experimental animals as the subjects.MATERIALS: Twenty healthy white New Zealand purebred rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups, and among them 16 rabbits were pregnant for 30 days and were put to death with the method of suffocation. The fetal rabbits were taken out immediately after cesarean section, with 6 - 8 fetal rabbits in each den. The fetal rabbits were classified into the following groups: untreated fetal distress group, (fetal distress group, 29 fetal rabbits), normal saline rabbits group(Normal saline group, 25 rabbits), rabbit distress β-FNA group(β-Funaltrexamine ) (FNA group, 28 rabbits), fetal rabbits ICI174864 treatment group(ICI174864 group, 31 rabbits).INTERVENTIONS: Pregnant rabbits in the saline group, FNA group , ICI group were intravenously given a bolus of normal saline or the opiate antagonist β-FNA or ICI174864 and were then asphyxiated. Another 4 rabbits that were pregnant for 30 days were put to death with the cut on the neck, and 28 fetal rabbits were taken out as the control group. After being delivered by cesarean section, all rabbit fetuses in the above five groups were assessed by Apgar scoring for respiration, heartbeat, skin color, muscle tension, and response to stimulation at 1, 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes of age.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Apgar scoring for respiration, heartbeat,skin color, muscle tension, and response to stimulation at 1, 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes of age was made.RESULTS: The total Apgar score for respiration, heartbeat, skin color, muscle tension in the control group was the highest (8. 8 ± 1.1 ). And that of FNA group was 6. 8 ± 1.7, obviously higherthan that of the fetal distress group (2.1 ±1.0) and the saline-treated pups(2.5±1. 1) and(t=2.832 and 2. 795, P < 0.01 ). That of group ICI was 4.9 ± 0.7, markedly higher than that of the saline-treated pups and the fetal distress group( t = 2. 232 and 2. 195, P < 0.05) . There was no marked difference between the saline group and the distress group ( P > 0.05 ) and between the FNA group and the control group(P < 0.05) . The total Apgar scores of the ICI group,saline group, and distress group were significantly lower than that of the control group ( t = 2.913,2. 893, P < 0.01 and t = 2. 174, P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Endogenous opioid peptides participates in the process of the happening and development of fetal rabbit distress that is mediated by opioid peptides receptor, the effect of μ receptor was much more than that of δ receptor. This study provides a basis for the evaluation of fetal distress and intervening at an earlier stage to enhance prognostic function.

Objective To survey on satisfaction degree of preventive medicine undergraduates on tutorial system and to improve the effects of tutorial system.Methods Totally 73 students of preventive medicine,who would graduate in 2012,were asked to fill the questionnaires by themselves.Main contents of questionnaires include effects,satisfaction score,expectations and reality benefits,requirements for the tutors and problems of the tutorial system.Chi-square was used to test the differences between expectations and reality benefits and the significance level was set as P ＜ 0.05.Results More than half of the students thought that the effect of tutorial system was general while 43.8％students thought good and excellent.Percentages of satisfaction score over 50,over 80 and over 90 were 75.3％,41.1％ and 12.3％,respectively.Statistical analysis shown that the real benefits from research activities were more than expectation (P ＜ 0.001),while the real benefits from tutor's academic encouragement,job guidance and life values were lower than expectation (P =0.026,P =0.003,P =0.010).Students expected to have more opportunities with the professors in the future.However,there were 17.8％ students hardly attended the activities of tutorial system,in which lack of understanding of tutorial system was the main reason and without enough time was another reason.Conclusions Students basically satisfies with tutorial system and the satisfaction degree needs to be improved.Roles of tutorial system should be fully strengthened by the management department,tutors and students.

OBJECTIVE:To understand the main diseases research area and tendency of the literatures published on top-five global biomedicine journals,and provide reference for topics and designs of domestic medical research. METHODS:Studies pub-lished on NEJM,JAMA,BMJ,Lancet and PLoS Medicine from 2004 to 2013 were searched via Web of Science;types of disease were classified by using International Classification of Diseases(version 10)(ICD-10);research types were analyzed according to the rules in clinical epidemiology. RESULTS:Most of studies(25.8%)were published on BMJ;USA(39.1%),UK(25.7%) and Canada(5.1%)were top-three countries for the first authors;circulation system disease,infectious and parasitic diseases,can-cer,endocrine,nutritional and metabolic disease and respiratory system disease were top-five in disease categories list,accounting for 61.7%;ischemic heart disease,HIV-related disease,diabetes,other heart disease and influenza and pneumonia were the main top-five specific diseases;and randomized controlled trials were main study type. CONCLUSIONS:The proportion of the first au-thor for the Chinese literature in the host country is very low. Top-five specific diseases are placed on circulation system disease,in-fectious and parasitic diseases,endocrine,nutritional and metabolic disease and respiratory system disease,with the main study types of randomized controlled trial,cohort study and systematic review.