Objective To investigate left ventricular(LV) systolic dyssynchrony in heart failure of different etiology which caused respectively by ischemic heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy and analyse the correlation between the systolic dyssynchrony index(SDI) and the LV ejection fraction(LVEF). Methods Forty-three subjects were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 17 heart failure patients which caused by ischemic heart disease and group B included 26 heart failure patients which caused by dilated cardiomyopathy. Three-dimensional datum of left ventricle were obtained using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) in full volume mode. Post-processing software Qlab was used for advanced analysis. The end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), LVEF and bull eye graph of seventeen segments were obtained. Standard deviation of time-to-minimal-systolic-volume of 16-LV segments corrected by R-R interval was calculated as SDI of LV. Results There was no statistical difference in age, heart rate, LVEF and EDV between the two groups (P >0.05). SDI of group A was lower than that of group B,but there was no statistical difference between them (P>0.05). Bull eye graph of seventeen segments revealed that the distribution of delayed systolic segments were different between the two groups. SDI of two groups appeared negative correlation with LVEF(r = -0.83, r = -0.71, P-< 0.01). Conclusions LV systolic dyssynchrony existed in heart failure which caused by ischemic heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy,but the distribution of delayed systolic segments were different between them. SDI increased with worsening LV systolic function.

Objective To assess the value of approximal side angle of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in patients with cerebral infarction by ultrasonography.Methods One hundred and seventy six patients with carotid atherosclerotic plaques were examined with uItrasonography and divided into two groups:cerebral infarction group (n=67)and none cerebral infarction group(n=109).Vessel area and residual lumen area of carotid artery were measured in axial view using linear probe.Area stenosis rate was calculated.The approximal side angle and thickness of plaque were measured respectively.The results of two groups were compared.Results The approximal side angle of plaque of cerebral group was significantly higher than that of none cerebral infarction groups(P<0.05).The sensitivity and specificity for approximal side angle of plaque(cutoff value:13.0°)were 79.1%,71.6%,respectively.There were no significant difference of area stenosis rate and plaque thickness between two groups(P>0.05).Conclusions The approximal side angle of plaque can be regarded as a novel index to assess the stability of plaque.

Objective To establish a quantitative measurement of flow field uniformity of mitral valve in vivo and investigate the correlation between the parameter of flow field uniformity and the degree of mitral stenosis. Methods The flow field uniformity downstream of mitral valve in normal cases and patients with mitral stenosis were studied using vector flow mapping(VFM) technique. Results The flow field uniformity parameter of standard deviation of velocity (Vsd) in patients with mitral valve stenosis was significantly higher than that in control group ( P <0. 05). There was a negative linear correlation between Vsd and effective orifice area(EOA) in patients with mitral valve stenosis (parasternal long-axis: r = - 0. 816, P = 0.000; apical four chamber: r = - 0. 825, P = 0. 000). Conclusions VFM can really reflect the flow field uniformity of normal cases and patients with mitral stenosis.

Objective To assess the improvements of left ventricular systolic function by three‐dimensional speckle tracking imaging ( 3D‐STI) in type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) patients after short‐term insulin pump intensive therapy . Methods Thirty‐five T2DM patients complicated with microangiopathy and thirty‐two healthy volunteers were studied ,underwent the dynamic image of the four‐chamber view ,three‐dimensional images of left ventricle were obtained for all the individuals . The left ventricular global longitudinal strain ( LVGLS) ,left ventricular global circumferential strain ( LVGCS) ,left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ,peak basal and apical rotation (LV‐ProtB ,LV‐ProtA) ,peak LV twist ( LV‐tw ) were calculated using TomTec software .After insulin pump intensive therapy for two weeks ,all the indexes were reexamined in T2DM patients . Results Compared with control group ,the LVGLS , LVGCS ,LV‐tw and LV‐ProtA were significantly decreased in diabetes mellitus group before and after treatment ( P < 0 .01 or P < 0 .05) . Compared with diabetes mellitus patients before treatment ,the LVGLS ,LVGCS had significant higher level after treatment( P <0 .05) . The LVGLS ,LVGCS ,LV‐tw and LV‐ProtA were significantly correlated with LVEF in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and normal controls . Conclusions Insulin pump intensive treatment could improve left ventricular systolic function in type 2 diabetes patients complicated with microangiopathy . 3D‐STI can be sensitive to accurately assess the therapeutic effect and has the important clinical value .

Objective To investigate the protective effects of left ventricular myocardial perfusion after delivery of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) by using ultrasound‐targeted microbubble destruction ( UTMD ) with real‐time myocardial contrast echocardiography( RT‐MCE) . Methods Among 64 male SD rats ,52 rats were randomly selected and were induced DCM by streptozotocin through intraperitoneal injecting ,the other rats as normal control group . DCM rats were randomly divided into the DCM model group ,aFGF only group ,SonoVue‐aFGF group and the SonoVue‐aFGF+ UTMD group in this study . The aFGF only group rats were injected with aFGF solution through tail vein ,the SonoVue‐aFGF group were injected with SonoVue‐aFGF solution through tail vein and SonoVue‐aFGF+ UTMD group rats were injected with SonoVue‐aFGF solution through tail vein and using UTMD simultaneously . All rats underwent conventional echocardiography and RT‐MCE exams before and 4 weeks after intervention . Left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF) and left ventricular fraction shortening( LVFS ) were measured by conventional echocardiography . The plateau intensity ( A ) ,initial slope of the curve (β) and myocardial blood flow ( A ×β) of left ventricular anterior wall at the papillary muscle level were measured in left ventricular short‐axis view by RT‐MCE . Results Before intervention , LVEF and LVFS in the DCM model group ,aFGF only group ,SonoVue‐aFGF group and the SonoVue‐aFGF+UTMD group were significantly lower than in the normal control group ( P <0 .01) .During 4 weeks after intervention ,LVEF and LVFS in the aFGF only group ,SonoVue‐aFGF group and the SonoVue‐aFGF+UTMD group were slightly increased than those in the DCM model group ,but no statistically significant differences were found ( P > 0 .05) ,however A and A × β in the SonoVue‐aFGF+ UTMD group were significantly increased than those in the DCM model group( P < 0 .01) . Compared with the same group before intervention ,A and A ×βin the SonoVue‐aFGF+UTMD group were higher ( P <0 .05) and these in the DCM model group were lower during four weeks after intervention ( P < 0 .05) . Conclusions Acidic fibroblast growth factor delivered by using UTMD can improve the left ventricular myocardial perfusion in diabetic cardiomyopathy rats .

0bjective To investigate the characteristics of myocardial acceleration (ACC) in normal left ventricle(LV)by velocity vector imaging (ⅤⅥ). Methods The myocardial velocities of sixteen LV wall segments in fifty normal volunteers were detected by ⅤⅥ.Segmental myocardial ACC was calculated by using special software and the distribution of ACC in LV wall was analyzed.Results There were significant differences among the levels of LV in the early systolic peak ACC (ACCs) and early diastolic peak ACC (ACCd),and both of ACCS and ACCd increased from apex to base in the same LV wall (allP＜0.05). However,there were no significant differences among six LV walls at the same level in ACCs and ACCd(allP＞0.05).In the same segment,ACCd was significantly higher than ACCs (all P＜0.05).Conclusions Myocardial ACC can be detected by ⅤⅥ.which is the basis for further investigation of ACC in the diseased myocardium.

Objective To study the synchronization of carotid artery wall motion with atheroscleroticsoft eccentric plaque using velocity vector imaging(ⅤⅥ). Methods Seventy-two patients with carotid artery atherosclerotic soft eccentric plaque were enrolled in this study. Their carotid arteries were examined using Acuson Sequoia 512 instrument respectively.Combined with ECG,two dimensional imaging of short axis view of carotid artery atherosclerotic soft eccentric plaque were recorded and analyzed on-line using ⅤⅥ software. The carotid artery wall of short axis was automatically divided into 6 segments. Time to peak index (TTPI)was calculated respectively. Results The TTPI was significantly higher than that of control group (P＜0.001). A cut-off value＜0.595 of TTPI for assessing the synchronization of carotid artery wall motion had a sensitivity of 93.9%,a specificity of 91.7%,respectively. Conclusions ⅤⅥ provides a new tool to assess the synchronization of arterial wall motion.

Objective To assess the relationship between the enhanced intensity of carotid plaque and risk of cerebral infarction using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography(CEUS). Methods Eighty one patients with cerebral infarction and 95 patients without cerebral infarction were enrolled in this study. All the patients were performed using CEUS. The characteristics of plaque enhancement was categorized: grade Ⅰ , non-enhancement;grade Ⅱ , the arterial wall vasa vasorum enhancement; grade Ⅲ. the arterial wall vasa vasorum and plaque shoulder enhancement; grade Ⅳ , extensive and internal plaque enhancement. The data between the two groups was compared and analysed. Results Plaque enhancement presented with grade Ⅰ in 7 cases of 81 patients and 26 cases of 95 controls,grade Ⅱ in 14 and 37,grade Ⅲ in 26 and 17,grade Ⅳ in 34 and 15. The percentage of stroke in grade Ⅰ was 21.2% (7/33),grade Ⅱ was 27.5%(14/51), grade Ⅲ was 60.5% (26/43) and gradeⅣ　was 69.4% (34/49). The percentage of stroke in grade Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ ( P = 0. 001, P = 0. 001 ), and there was no significant difference between grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ ( P = 0.370). The sensitivity and specificity for grade of plaque enhancement (AUC = 0. 721, cutoff value > grade Ⅱ ) were 74. 1 % and 66. 3% respectively. Conclusions The grade of enhancement of carotid plaques in CEUS is a valid indicator to anticipate cerebral infarction. The higher the grade of enhancement of carotid plaques,the higher the risk of cerebral infarction.

OBJECTIVETo examine the negative regulation role of PTEN in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy by testing the expression of PTEN mRNA and protein and to explore the effects of captopril (Cap) on PTEN expression.

METHODSTwenty four rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group, ISO group, and ISO+Cap group. The following parameters were examined:body weight (BW), heart weight (HW), left ventricular weight (LVW), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular end-systolic pressure (LVESP) and +/- dp/dt(max). The ratio of HW/BW and LVW/BW was calculated. PTEN mRNA and protein were tested by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively.

RESULTS(1) Compared with the control group, the ratio of HW/BW and LVW/BW, LVEDP and LVESP were all increased in ISO group and ISO+Cap group (P < 0.05), but +/- dp/dt(max) was decreased (P < 0.05); (2) compared with the ISO group, the ratio of HW/BW and LVW/BW, LVEDP, LVESP were all decreased in ISO+Cap group (P < 0.05), but +/- dp/dt(max) was increased (P < 0.05); (3) compared with the control group, PTEN mRNA and protein were up-regulated in ISO group and ISO+Cap group; (4) compared with the ISO group, PTEN mRNA and protein were up-regulated in ISO+Cap group.

CONCLUSIONSPTEN mRNA and protein are up-regulated in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Captopril can up-regulate PTEN expression in cardiac hypertrophy. There is a negative regulative mechanism in cardiac hypertrophy process, in which PTEN is probably an endogenous negative regulator of cardiac hypertrophy.

Animals ; Captopril ; therapeutic use ; Cardiomegaly ; drug therapy ; genetics ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Isoproterenol ; adverse effects ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; ultrastructure ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of orexin-A on the recovery and cognitive function of aged rats after ketamine anesthesia.

METHODSFifty-five aged rats were divided randomly into control group, model control group, 1 nmol/L Orexin-A group, and 4 nmol/L Orexin-A group. In the latter 3 groups, the rats received an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine at 100 mg/kg, and normal saline was injected in the control group. Ten minutes after the injections, the rats received intraventricular injections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (control and model control group) or of 10 microl 1 or 4 nmol/L Orexin-A as indicated. The behavioral changes of the rats were assessed by the duration of loss of righting reflex (LORR). Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were used to evaluate the changes in rat brain activity by comparison of the percent of sigma wave in EEG before and after the intraventricular injections. Morris water maze was used to test the learning and spatial localization abilities of the rats.

RESULTSKetamine resulted in obvious impairment of learning and memory abilities of the aged rats. Orexin-A at 4 nmol/L induced significant decrease in the duration of LORR and marked reduction of sigma activities in anesthetic rats (P<0.05), and obviously improved the learning and spatial localization abilities of the rats after anesthesia (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONOrexin-A can promote the recovery and improve the cognitive function of aged rats after ketamine anesthesia.

Aging ; Anesthesia Recovery Period ; Anesthetics, Dissociative ; Animals ; Cognition ; drug effects ; Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia ; prevention & control ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; pharmacology ; Ketamine ; Male ; Neuropeptides ; pharmacology ; Orexins ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley