Objective To assess the value of approximal side angle of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in patients with cerebral infarction by ultrasonography.Methods One hundred and seventy six patients with carotid atherosclerotic plaques were examined with uItrasonography and divided into two groups:cerebral infarction group (n=67)and none cerebral infarction group(n=109).Vessel area and residual lumen area of carotid artery were measured in axial view using linear probe.Area stenosis rate was calculated.The approximal side angle and thickness of plaque were measured respectively.The results of two groups were compared.Results The approximal side angle of plaque of cerebral group was significantly higher than that of none cerebral infarction groups(P<0.05).The sensitivity and specificity for approximal side angle of plaque(cutoff value:13.0°)were 79.1%,71.6%,respectively.There were no significant difference of area stenosis rate and plaque thickness between two groups(P>0.05).Conclusions The approximal side angle of plaque can be regarded as a novel index to assess the stability of plaque.

Objective To investigate left ventricular(LV) systolic dyssynchrony in heart failure of different etiology which caused respectively by ischemic heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy and analyse the correlation between the systolic dyssynchrony index(SDI) and the LV ejection fraction(LVEF). Methods Forty-three subjects were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 17 heart failure patients which caused by ischemic heart disease and group B included 26 heart failure patients which caused by dilated cardiomyopathy. Three-dimensional datum of left ventricle were obtained using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) in full volume mode. Post-processing software Qlab was used for advanced analysis. The end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), LVEF and bull eye graph of seventeen segments were obtained. Standard deviation of time-to-minimal-systolic-volume of 16-LV segments corrected by R-R interval was calculated as SDI of LV. Results There was no statistical difference in age, heart rate, LVEF and EDV between the two groups (P >0.05). SDI of group A was lower than that of group B,but there was no statistical difference between them (P>0.05). Bull eye graph of seventeen segments revealed that the distribution of delayed systolic segments were different between the two groups. SDI of two groups appeared negative correlation with LVEF(r = -0.83, r = -0.71, P-< 0.01). Conclusions LV systolic dyssynchrony existed in heart failure which caused by ischemic heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy,but the distribution of delayed systolic segments were different between them. SDI increased with worsening LV systolic function.

Objective To assess the improvements of left ventricular systolic function by three‐dimensional speckle tracking imaging ( 3D‐STI) in type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) patients after short‐term insulin pump intensive therapy . Methods Thirty‐five T2DM patients complicated with microangiopathy and thirty‐two healthy volunteers were studied ,underwent the dynamic image of the four‐chamber view ,three‐dimensional images of left ventricle were obtained for all the individuals . The left ventricular global longitudinal strain ( LVGLS) ,left ventricular global circumferential strain ( LVGCS) ,left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ,peak basal and apical rotation (LV‐ProtB ,LV‐ProtA) ,peak LV twist ( LV‐tw ) were calculated using TomTec software .After insulin pump intensive therapy for two weeks ,all the indexes were reexamined in T2DM patients . Results Compared with control group ,the LVGLS , LVGCS ,LV‐tw and LV‐ProtA were significantly decreased in diabetes mellitus group before and after treatment ( P < 0 .01 or P < 0 .05) . Compared with diabetes mellitus patients before treatment ,the LVGLS ,LVGCS had significant higher level after treatment( P <0 .05) . The LVGLS ,LVGCS ,LV‐tw and LV‐ProtA were significantly correlated with LVEF in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and normal controls . Conclusions Insulin pump intensive treatment could improve left ventricular systolic function in type 2 diabetes patients complicated with microangiopathy . 3D‐STI can be sensitive to accurately assess the therapeutic effect and has the important clinical value .

Objective To establish a quantitative measurement of flow field uniformity of mitral valve in vivo and investigate the correlation between the parameter of flow field uniformity and the degree of mitral stenosis. Methods The flow field uniformity downstream of mitral valve in normal cases and patients with mitral stenosis were studied using vector flow mapping(VFM) technique. Results The flow field uniformity parameter of standard deviation of velocity (Vsd) in patients with mitral valve stenosis was significantly higher than that in control group ( P <0. 05). There was a negative linear correlation between Vsd and effective orifice area(EOA) in patients with mitral valve stenosis (parasternal long-axis: r = - 0. 816, P = 0.000; apical four chamber: r = - 0. 825, P = 0. 000). Conclusions VFM can really reflect the flow field uniformity of normal cases and patients with mitral stenosis.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of left ventricular myocardial perfusion after delivery of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) by using ultrasound‐targeted microbubble destruction ( UTMD ) with real‐time myocardial contrast echocardiography( RT‐MCE) . Methods Among 64 male SD rats ,52 rats were randomly selected and were induced DCM by streptozotocin through intraperitoneal injecting ,the other rats as normal control group . DCM rats were randomly divided into the DCM model group ,aFGF only group ,SonoVue‐aFGF group and the SonoVue‐aFGF+ UTMD group in this study . The aFGF only group rats were injected with aFGF solution through tail vein ,the SonoVue‐aFGF group were injected with SonoVue‐aFGF solution through tail vein and SonoVue‐aFGF+ UTMD group rats were injected with SonoVue‐aFGF solution through tail vein and using UTMD simultaneously . All rats underwent conventional echocardiography and RT‐MCE exams before and 4 weeks after intervention . Left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF) and left ventricular fraction shortening( LVFS ) were measured by conventional echocardiography . The plateau intensity ( A ) ,initial slope of the curve (β) and myocardial blood flow ( A ×β) of left ventricular anterior wall at the papillary muscle level were measured in left ventricular short‐axis view by RT‐MCE . Results Before intervention , LVEF and LVFS in the DCM model group ,aFGF only group ,SonoVue‐aFGF group and the SonoVue‐aFGF+UTMD group were significantly lower than in the normal control group ( P <0 .01) .During 4 weeks after intervention ,LVEF and LVFS in the aFGF only group ,SonoVue‐aFGF group and the SonoVue‐aFGF+UTMD group were slightly increased than those in the DCM model group ,but no statistically significant differences were found ( P > 0 .05) ,however A and A × β in the SonoVue‐aFGF+ UTMD group were significantly increased than those in the DCM model group( P < 0 .01) . Compared with the same group before intervention ,A and A ×βin the SonoVue‐aFGF+UTMD group were higher ( P <0 .05) and these in the DCM model group were lower during four weeks after intervention ( P < 0 .05) . Conclusions Acidic fibroblast growth factor delivered by using UTMD can improve the left ventricular myocardial perfusion in diabetic cardiomyopathy rats .

Objective To assess the relationship between the enhanced intensity of carotid plaque and risk of cerebral infarction using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography(CEUS). Methods Eighty one patients with cerebral infarction and 95 patients without cerebral infarction were enrolled in this study. All the patients were performed using CEUS. The characteristics of plaque enhancement was categorized: grade Ⅰ , non-enhancement;grade Ⅱ , the arterial wall vasa vasorum enhancement; grade Ⅲ. the arterial wall vasa vasorum and plaque shoulder enhancement; grade Ⅳ , extensive and internal plaque enhancement. The data between the two groups was compared and analysed. Results Plaque enhancement presented with grade Ⅰ in 7 cases of 81 patients and 26 cases of 95 controls,grade Ⅱ in 14 and 37,grade Ⅲ in 26 and 17,grade Ⅳ in 34 and 15. The percentage of stroke in grade Ⅰ was 21.2% (7/33),grade Ⅱ was 27.5%(14/51), grade Ⅲ was 60.5% (26/43) and gradeⅣ　was 69.4% (34/49). The percentage of stroke in grade Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ ( P = 0. 001, P = 0. 001 ), and there was no significant difference between grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ ( P = 0.370). The sensitivity and specificity for grade of plaque enhancement (AUC = 0. 721, cutoff value > grade Ⅱ ) were 74. 1 % and 66. 3% respectively. Conclusions The grade of enhancement of carotid plaques in CEUS is a valid indicator to anticipate cerebral infarction. The higher the grade of enhancement of carotid plaques,the higher the risk of cerebral infarction.

0bjective To investigate the characteristics of myocardial acceleration (ACC) in normal left ventricle(LV)by velocity vector imaging (ⅤⅥ). Methods The myocardial velocities of sixteen LV wall segments in fifty normal volunteers were detected by ⅤⅥ.Segmental myocardial ACC was calculated by using special software and the distribution of ACC in LV wall was analyzed.Results There were significant differences among the levels of LV in the early systolic peak ACC (ACCs) and early diastolic peak ACC (ACCd),and both of ACCS and ACCd increased from apex to base in the same LV wall (allP＜0.05). However,there were no significant differences among six LV walls at the same level in ACCs and ACCd(allP＞0.05).In the same segment,ACCd was significantly higher than ACCs (all P＜0.05).Conclusions Myocardial ACC can be detected by ⅤⅥ.which is the basis for further investigation of ACC in the diseased myocardium.

Objective To study the synchronization of carotid artery wall motion with atheroscleroticsoft eccentric plaque using velocity vector imaging(ⅤⅥ). Methods Seventy-two patients with carotid artery atherosclerotic soft eccentric plaque were enrolled in this study. Their carotid arteries were examined using Acuson Sequoia 512 instrument respectively.Combined with ECG,two dimensional imaging of short axis view of carotid artery atherosclerotic soft eccentric plaque were recorded and analyzed on-line using ⅤⅥ software. The carotid artery wall of short axis was automatically divided into 6 segments. Time to peak index (TTPI)was calculated respectively. Results The TTPI was significantly higher than that of control group (P＜0.001). A cut-off value＜0.595 of TTPI for assessing the synchronization of carotid artery wall motion had a sensitivity of 93.9%,a specificity of 91.7%,respectively. Conclusions ⅤⅥ provides a new tool to assess the synchronization of arterial wall motion.

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether terbutaline affects alveolar liquid clearance after oleic acid-induced lung injury in rats.

METHODSForty healthy Wistar rats (weighing 250-280 g) were randomly divided into five groups (n=8 in each group): the normal control group (control group), oleic acid injury group (injury group), terbutaline-treated group (terbutaline group), terbutaline plus amiloride-treated group (terbutaline+amiloride group) and terbutaline plus ouabain-treated group (terbutaline+ouabain group). Acute lung injury model was induced by intravenous oleic acid (0.25 ml/kg body weight). 24 hours later, 1.5 microCi (125) I-labeled 5% albumin solution (5 ml/kg body weight) was dripped into the lungs through trachea. The alveolar liquid clearance rate, extravascular lung water content, and arterial blood gas were measured 1 hour thereafter.

RESULTSAt 24 hours after infusion of oleic acid, the rats developed pulmonary edema and severe hypoxemia, with the alveolar liquid clearance rate decreased by 49.2% and the extravascular lung water content elevated by 47.9%. Compared with the rats in the injury group, terbutaline (10(-4) mol/L) significantly increased the alveolar liquid clearance rate, decreased the extravascular lung water content and improved hypoxemia. The effect of terbutaline was partly blocked by amiloride and ouabain, which were inhibitors of sodium transport. Terbutaline increased the alveolar liquid clearance rate by 63.7%, and amiloride and ouabain reduced the alveolar liquid clearance rate by 54.7% and 56.8%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSTerbutaline can accelerate alveolar liquid clearance through increasing sodium transport to attenuate pulmonary edema, thus improving gas exchange, which may have therapeutical effect on pulmonary edema after acute lung injury.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists ; pharmacology ; Amiloride ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Extravascular Lung Water ; drug effects ; Humans ; Lung Diseases ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Male ; Ouabain ; pharmacology ; Pulmonary Alveoli ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Terbutaline ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of orexin-A on the recovery and cognitive function of aged rats after ketamine anesthesia.

METHODSFifty-five aged rats were divided randomly into control group, model control group, 1 nmol/L Orexin-A group, and 4 nmol/L Orexin-A group. In the latter 3 groups, the rats received an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine at 100 mg/kg, and normal saline was injected in the control group. Ten minutes after the injections, the rats received intraventricular injections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (control and model control group) or of 10 microl 1 or 4 nmol/L Orexin-A as indicated. The behavioral changes of the rats were assessed by the duration of loss of righting reflex (LORR). Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were used to evaluate the changes in rat brain activity by comparison of the percent of sigma wave in EEG before and after the intraventricular injections. Morris water maze was used to test the learning and spatial localization abilities of the rats.

RESULTSKetamine resulted in obvious impairment of learning and memory abilities of the aged rats. Orexin-A at 4 nmol/L induced significant decrease in the duration of LORR and marked reduction of sigma activities in anesthetic rats (P<0.05), and obviously improved the learning and spatial localization abilities of the rats after anesthesia (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONOrexin-A can promote the recovery and improve the cognitive function of aged rats after ketamine anesthesia.

Aging ; Anesthesia Recovery Period ; Anesthetics, Dissociative ; Animals ; Cognition ; drug effects ; Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia ; prevention & control ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; pharmacology ; Ketamine ; Male ; Neuropeptides ; pharmacology ; Orexins ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley