AIMTo further elucidate the role of agmatine on the pharmacological effects of opioids. METHODSThe effect of L-arginine and L-arginine decarboxylase(L-ADC) antibodies on pain threshold, morphine ntinociception and tolerance were investigated in mouse acetic acid writhing test, mouse radiant heat tail flick test and mouse hot plate test. RESULTSIn mouse acetic acid writhing test, intracerebroventricular injection of L-arginine dose-ependently inhibited the writhing of mice compared with saline control. L-arginine did not influence the tail flick latency itself in mouse radiant heat tail flick test, but enhanced antinociceptive effect of morphine in a dose-dependent manner. The possible maximal analgesia percentage of morphine 2.5 mg*kg-1 was increased from 23% to 71%. Furthermore, L-arginine inhibited acute tolerance induced by morphine 100 mg*kg-1in mouse radiant heat tail flick test. The effect of L-arginine as mentioned above could be antagonized by idazoxan (3 mg*kg-1, ip), which is a selective antagonist of imidazoline receptors. L-ADC specific antibodies inhibited morphine antinociception and promoted the development of tolerance to morphine in mouse radiant heat tail flick test and 55℃ hot plate test. CONCLUSIONL-Arginine and L-ADC play important roles in the formation of pain threshold, morphine antinociception and tolerance.

Objective To compare the effect of three kinds of reverse trendelenburg position angle in block plane of prone position after subarachnoid anesthesia, in order to acquire the conformable reverse trendelenburg position angle of prolapse and hemorrhoids (PPH). Methods Sixty patients having underwent the selective PPH were divided into 10° group, 20° group and 30° group by random digits table method with 20 cases each. Subarachnoid puncture was performed in the L3 - 4 processus spinosus gap, then 0.5%heavy density ropivacaine 2 ml was injected. After anesthesia, the operation bed was adjusted to reverse trendelenburg position 10° (10° group), 20° (20° group) and 30° (30° group). At the same time the patients changed to prone position, and the operation bed was changed to horizontal position before operation. The patients changed to jackknife position 10 min after drug injection of subarachnoid anesthesia. The sensory blockade after drug infusion, circulation function change, anesthetic effect and perioperative adverse reaction were observed. Results There were no statistical differences in operation start time and fixed time of anesthesia plane among 3 groups (P>0.05). The upper bound of sensory nerve block before horizontal position, upper bound of sensory nerve block before jackknife position, highest plane of sensory nerve block in 10° group were significantly higher than those in 20° group and 30° group: T(10.47 ± 0.65) vs. T(12.36 ± 0.72) and T(12.50 ± 0.54), T(10.12 ± 0.56) vs. T(11.82 ± 0.66) and T(11.99 ± 0.72), T(9.53 ± 0.71) vs. T(11.32 ± 0.78) and T(11.54 ± 0.83), and there were statistical differences (P<0.05); but there were no statistical difference between 20° group and 30° group (P>0.05). The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure levels 15 and 20 min after drug infusion in 10° group were significantly lower than those in 20° group and 30° group, systolic blood pressure:(120.40 ± 7.38) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) vs. (131.82 ± 7.88) and (130.47 ± 7.57) mmHg, (119.55 ± 7.65) mmHg vs. (131.25 ± 9.67) and (130.23 ± 8.69) mmHg, diastolic blood pressure: (63.74 ± 6.54) mmHg vs. (71.36 ± 8.49) and (74.32 ± 7.54) mmHg, (61.59 ± 6.23) mmHg vs. (72.98 ± 7.39) and (73.75 ± 6.34) mmHg, and there were statistical differences (P<0.05);but there were no statistical difference between 20° group and 30° group (P>0.05). No patients′ anesthesia effect was poor in 3 groups, but 4 cases in 30° group were good. Hypotension and tachycardia occurred in 2 cases in 10° group, respectively. Conclusions Immediately prone position after subarachnoid anesthesia can be adjusted by reverse trendelenburg position angle to get the appropriate level of anesthesia, and conformable reverse trendelenburg position angle of PPH is 20°.

Aim To investigate the effects of Y-IP5 on morphine-induced behavioral sensitization and CPP in mice.Methods Locomotor activity was detected after Y-IP5 administration or co-administration of Y-IP5 with morphine in mice.Mice were treated with morphine to induce behavioral sensitization. Then the effects of Y-IP5 on the development, transfer and expression of morphine-induced behavioral sensitization were investigated. Mice were treated with morphine to induce CPP. Then the effect of Y-IP5 on the acquisition of morphine-induced CPP was studied.Results Y-IP5 itself didn′t influence locomotor activity of mice.Co-administration of Y-IP5 with morphine inhibited morphine-induced hyperactivity (P<0.05) and the development of morphine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice (P<0.05), however, did not influence the transfer and expression of morphine-induced behavioral sensitization.Co-administration of Y-IP5 with morphine also inhibited the acquisition of morphine-induced CPP (P<0.05).Conclusion Y-IP5 may inhibit the psychological dependence induced by morphine.

In order to investigate the effects of rhGM-CSF on apoptosis of HL-60 cells induced with VP-16 treatment, HL-60 cells were first incubated with rhGM-CSF before they were treated with VP-16. The apoptosis processes and the changes in apoptosis related gene bcl-2 and fas expression were observed. The morphological and ultrastructural changes were observed under optics microscope and electromicroscope. DNA fragmentation were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis, the apoptotic rate, bcl-2 and fas expression with flow cytometry. Our results showed that rhGM-CSF inhibited the apoptosis of HL-60 cells induced with VP-16 treatment, which enhanced the down-regulation of bcl-2 expression, but inhibited the up-regulation of fas expression. So it suggested that rhGM-CSF can decrease the sensitivity of HL-60 cells to VP-16, probably by down-regulation of fas expression.

Objective:To explore the association between sleep duration, sleep quality and the prevalence of hypertension in the elderly aged 65 years and above.Methods:This study was conducted among the elderly in communities in Yiwu, China from April to July, 2019, and participants were recruited through physical examination in the hospital. Face-to-face interview was performed to obtain basic information. Sleep duration and sleep quality were evaluated by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Associations between sleep duration, sleep quality and hypertension were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results:A total of 3 169 elderly persons, aged ≥65 years old, were included in the study. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 50.8%. The elderly with very poor sleep quality and short sleep duration accounted for 22.4% and 28.5%, respectively. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, lifestyle and health status, the OR of hypertension for the elderly with very poor sleep quality was 1.42 (95% CI: 1.12-1.80) compared with those with very good sleep quality. Compared with the elderly with sleep duration of 6-7 h a night, the OR of hypertension for those with sleep duration <6 h was 1.37 (95% CI: 1.15-1.65). As the sleep quality decreased, the risk for hypertension increased. An U-shaped association was found between sleep duration and risk of hypertension. Subgroup analyses showed that this association existed in both men and women, but only significant in the elderly aged <75 years. Conclusion:Poor sleep quality and short sleep duration were associated with risk for hypertension in the elderly.