Heart rate is the most common index to directly monitor the level of physical stress by comparing the subject's heart rate with an appropriate "target heart rate" during exercise. However, heart rate only reveals the cardiac rhythm of the complex cardiovascular changes that take place during exercise. It is essential to get the dynamic response of the heart to exercise with various indices instead of only one single measurement. Based on the rest-workload alternating pattern, this paper screens the sensitive indices of exercise load from electrocardiogram (ECG) rhythm and waveform, including 4 time domain indices and 4 frequency domain indices of heart rate variability (HRV), 3 indices of waveform similarity and 2 indices of high frequency noise. In conclusion, RR interval (heart rate) is a reliable index for the realtime monitoring of exercise intensity, which has strong linear correlation with load intensity. The ECG waveform similarity and HRV indices are useful for the evaluation of exercise load.
Electrocardiography ; Exercise ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; Workload

ATP binding cassette transporter (ABCT),a membrane transporting protein existing in mammalian, bacterial, fungal and many other types of cells, is correlated with multidrug resistance in many cells. To date 10 ABCT have been described in Candida albicans , but only CDR1 and CDR2 genes were associated with multidrug resistance. Moreover, their encoding proteins Cdr1p and Cdr2p have many functions such as efflux pump and phospholipid translocator. The progress in the study of Cdr1p and Cdr2p proteins mediating multidrug resistance in Candida albicans was summarized in the paper.

OBJECTIVETo explore whether the dental restoration of nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) based alloys will lead to extra excretions of urinary Ni and Cr.

METHODSUrinary Ni and Cr were repeatedly measured in 33 patients before and 2 months after the dental restoration of Ni-Cr alloys. The associations between alloy restoration and urinary Ni or Cr were analyzed by paired t test and general linear model of repeated measures.

RESULTSA slightly higher urinary Ni was found in patients after 2 month of the alloy restoration, but the difference was not statistically significant (before: 46.4 microg x mol(-1) crea; after: 67.6 microg x mol(-1) crea; P=0.063). This difference was only in female subjects (before: 44.8 microg x mol(-1) crea; after: 73.7 microg x mol(-1) crea; P=0.068). A significant higher urinary Cr was found in patients after 2 month of the alloy restoration (before: 57.0 microg x mol(-1) crea; after: 99.4 microg x mol(-1) crea; P=0.024). This significant difference was only in female subjects (before: 59.8 microg x mol(-1) crea; after: 124.4 microg x mol(-1) crea; P=0.023). General linear models of repeated measurements showed that urinary excretions of Ni and Cr were associated with the number of restoration and the area of metal basis uncovered with porcelain.

CONCLUSIONDental restoration of Ni-Cr alloy might lead to the enhanced excretions of urinary Ni and Cr.

Chromium ; Chromium Alloys ; Dental Porcelain ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Nickel ; Prospective Studies

Objective To evaluate the effect of mild hypothermia combined with hypbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment on secondary brain injury in patients with severe craniocerebral injury.Methods A prospective study was conducted in this study.Forty-two patients with severe craniocerebral injury admitted to hospital within 8 hours were randomly divided into sub-hypothermia combined with HBO treatment group and conventional HBO control group,21 cases in either group.Cerebral hemorrhage and brain edema were calculated by reviewed head CT on the 1st day,15th day and 30th day after injury.GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) score was calculated at the same time.The number of cases of cerebral infarction was counted in the two groups.GOS (Glasgow Outcome Score) prognosis was scored for both groups of patients six months after injury.Two groups of sample rates were compared using a chi-square test with continuous correction,The intergroup comparisons were analyzed by independent sample t test by using SPSS version 13.0 software.Differences were considered statistically significant if P ＜ 0.05.Results (1) The amount of cerebral hemorrhage and edema in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group on the 15th day and 30th day after injury [(21.71 ±4.3) vs.(26.33 ±5.23);(14.33 ± 1.93) vs.(16.86 ±2.86),P ＜0.05].(2) The GCS score of the treatment group was higher than that of the control group on the 15th day and 30th day after injury [(4.62 ±0.49) vs.(2.49 ±0.56);(9.76 ± 1.37) vs.(8.57 ± 0.92),P ＜ 0.05];(3) There were 2 cases of traumatic cerebral infarction in the treatment group and 9 cases in the control group (x2 =4.434,P =0.035).The GOS score in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group six months after injury [(4.29 ± 0.84) vs.(3.38 ± 0.74),P =0.001].Conclusions Mild hypothermia combined with hyperbaric oxygen treatment can reduce the secondary brain injury and improve the prognosis of patients with severe craniocerebral injury.It is worth further study,the mechanism of hypothermia remains to be further studied.

Suffering is prevalent in the palliative care population and is an important factor affecting the quality of life of palliative care patients and their family caregivers. In this paper, we review the assessment content, measurement methods, current application status and advantages and disadvantages of suffering assessment tools for palliative care patients, analyze the problems of current suffering assessment tools for palliative care patients and make suggestions, aiming to provide reference for palliative suffering treatment in China.

Aristolochic acids (AAs) have long been considered as a potent carcinogen due to its nephrotoxicity. Aristolochic acid I (AAI) reacts with DNA to form covalent aristolactam (AL)-DNA adducts, leading to subsequent A to T transversion mutation, commonly referred as AA mutational signature. Previous research inferred that AAs were widely implicated in liver cancer throughout Asia. In this study, we explored whether AAs exposure was the main cause of liver cancer in the context of HBV infection in mainland China. Totally 1256 liver cancer samples were randomly retrieved from 3 medical centers and a refined bioanalytical method was used to detect AAI-DNA adducts. 5.10% of these samples could be identified as AAI positive exposure. Whole genome sequencing suggested 8.41% of 107 liver cancer patients exhibited the dominant AA mutational signature, indicating a relatively low overall AAI exposure rate. In animal models, long-term administration of AAI barely increased liver tumorigenesis in adult mice, opposite from its tumor-inducing role when subjected to infant mice. Furthermore, AAI induced dose-dependent accumulation of AA-DNA adduct in target organs in adult mice, with the most detected in kidney instead of liver. Taken together, our data indicate that AA exposure was not the major threat of liver cancer in adulthood.