Objective: To study the elimination half-life of propofol in mouse brain. Methods: One hundred and forty mice were injected with propofol 32 mg/kg through caudal vein. The mice were divided into 14 groups with different time points, i.e. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,15,30,45,and 60 min,with 10 mice in each group. The mice were killed to obtain arterial blood by picking off their eyeballs, and their brains by cutting off their heads. The concentrations of propofol in serum and brain were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The parameters of elimination half-life were calculated by software 3P97. Results: Time to peak concentration of propofol in serum was about 1 min, and time to peak concentration of propofol in brain was about 3 min. The elimination half-life of propofol in brain were (9.6? 0.5) mins. Conclusion: The peak concentrations of propofol in brain was later than it in serum. There is correlation between the concentrations of propofol in blood and in brain. The metabolism of propofol in effect site could be measured accurately by the elimination half-life in brain.

ve To evaluate the performance of the target controlled infusion (TCI) system of midazolam for sedation during operation in terms of safety and ease of use in the elderly and the young. Methods Forty-four unpremedicated ASA I - II patients scheduled for elective surgery under epidural or combined spinal-epidural (CSE) anesthesia were included in this study. The patients were divided into two age groups: the elderly group aged 61-82 yr ( n = 22) and the young group aged 19-43 yr (n = 22) . Patients with neurological or severe cardiopulmonary diseases or abnormal liver or kidney function were excluded. The block height was maintained below T4. The TCI system consisted of Intel Pentium III 450 MHz computer and Graseby 3500 computerized infusion pump. The software we used was Stelpump Version 1.05 written by Pina and Coetzee and the pharmacokinetic model and parameter were described by Arram and Buhrer. The effect site concentration of midazolam was targeted and started from 50ng?ml-1, then increased in increment of 50 ng?ml-1 (in the young group) or 25ng?ml-1 (in the elderly group) until the patient did not respond to light shaking (defined as unconsciousness) . Each incremental increase was maintained for 15 min. Arterial blood samples were taken in ten patients randomly selected from each group at 10 and 15min after each incremental increase of midazolam concentration for determination of plasma midazolam concentration by high performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC) .Results The bias (median performance error) of the TCI system of midazolam was 7.9% in the elderly group and 11.6% in young groups. The precision (median absolute performance error) was 20.0% in both groups. They were clinically acceptable. Conclusions The TCI system of midzolam can provided sedation for patients undergoing surgery under spinal and/or epidural anesthesia safely and efficiently in both the old and young.

Objective To assess the changes in heart rate variability (HRV) during midazolam sedation with TCI in the elderly and young patients. Methods Thirty-eight ASA I - Ⅱ patients scheduled for elective surgery on lower abdomen or lower extremities under epidural or combined epidural-spinal anesthesia were divided into two groups of 19 patients each: the young group (18-40 yr) and the elderly group (60-89 yr). Radial artery was cannulated for intra-arterial pressure monitoring and blood sampling. HRV was monitored by HXD-1 monitoring system. HRV parameters included total power (TP), low frequency(LF), high frequency(HF), LF/HF, nuLF(LF/TP ?100%) and NuHF(HF/TP ? 100%) . The height of block was maintained below T5. TCI was used to achieve a rapid induction and maintenance of a stable target blood midazolam concentration. Target blood midazolam concentration was started from 50 ng/ml and gradually increased with increment of 25 ng/ml in elderly group or 50ng/ml in the young group until loss of consciousness (OAA/S =1). Arterial blood samples were taken at each target blood midazolam concentration for determination of blood midazolam concentration. HRV parameters were recorded at different OAA/S scores during both the induction of and recovery from sedation. Results With increasing depth of sedation, most of the HRV parameters (LF, nuLF, LF/HF and TP) decreased progressively, while nuHF increased and HF remained unchanged. During recovery from midazolam-induced sedation, HRV parameters returned gradually to the baseline values. OAA/S scores and HRV parameters were well correlated(r = 0.502-0.719). The trend of changes in HRV was consistent in both groups. At the same OAA/S score, most values of HRV parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. Only during deep sedation (OAA/S=1), values of all HRV parameters were significantly lower in the elderly group than those in the young group, except LF/HF. Conclusions During profound sedation (OAA/S=1) midazolam depresses the activity of the autonomic nervous system more markedly in the elderly than in the young, but the elderly without cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system disorders has the same ability to keep the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system as theyoung.

Objective To explore the influence of proteasome inhibitor, MG-132 (N-benz0y1oxycarbonyl(Z)-Leu-Leuleucina1) on the expressions of carboxyl terminus of the Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in ischemia reperfusion (I/R) rats and investigate the underlying mechanism of myocardial protection by the inhibitor. Methods Totally 54 adult SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, sham group (n=6), I/R group (n=24) and treatment group (I/R+T, n=24). The later 2 groups were further equally divided into 3 subgroups according different time of reperfusion. Left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was ligated for 30 min and then released for 2 h or 24 h or 7 d in different subgroups. Five minutes before reperfusion, MG-132 at dose of 0.75 mg/kg was given intravenously in I/R+T group,but I/R group and sham group were given the same volume of normal saline. The levels of CHIP and HSP70 at mRNA and protein level were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting respectively. The correlation between CHIP and HSP70 expression was analyzed. Results Compared with I/R groups, the mRNA levels of CHIP and HSP70 were significantly increased in I/R+T groups (P

UV second derivative spectrophotometry was used for the analysis of compounded Chinese medicinal prescription in order to eliminate interference from prescription base. Amplitude D and △A were taken as the quantitative informatious. Synthetic decanoyl acetaldehyde in compounded Chinese medicinal prescription were determined by two methods. The Correlation coefficicnts of the standard curve were found to be 0.9994 and 0.9996,the mean recovery to be 98.10% and 96 31%.

This article reviewed the effects of acupuncture on structure and function of central nervous system (CNS). Acupuncture is effective on motor function and ability of learning and memory. The mechanism is complex, including cerebral blood flow, pathomorphism, energy metabolism, free radicals metabolism, cell apoptosis, synaptic connections, and expression of neurotrophic factor, etc.

目的分析血常规检测中常见的误差来源,便于建立室内质量保证措施,确保结果准确。方法用全自动血球仪对我院226例就诊患者的血常规标本进行集中检测,对其血常规检测中常见的一些问题进行分析,包括方法学、仪器、试剂、标本采集、外部环境以及操作过程等综合分析。结果针对引起结果偏差的原因,制定相应的控制措施,确保每一份标本检测结果在质量控制范围内,减少非疾病因素对血常规检测结果的准确性的影响。结论针对血常规检测过程中经常出现的问题进行分析,加强标本分析前、中、后的质量控制,影响结果的一些因素是可以防范的。

Objective To explore the surgical treatment of bile duct necrosis.Methods Clinical data of 94 cases of bile duct necrosis treated in this hospital from May1990 to December 2008 were retrospectively analyzed.Results There were no death or severe complications such as biliary fistula and massive hemorrhage in these patients.Conclusion Bile duct necrosis should be treated with a proper surgical approach based on its features.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) laparoscopic surgeries in the treatment of Todani type Ⅰ choledochal cyst.Methods The retrospective cohort study was conducted.The clinical data of 59 patients with Todani type Ⅰ choledochal cyst who were admitted to the People's Hospital of Hunan Province between January 2013 and January 2016 were collected.Thirty patients undergoing 2D laparoscopic surgery between January 2013 and June 2014 were allocated into the 2D group and 29 patients undergoing 3D laparoscopic surgery between July 2014 and January 2016 were allocated into the 3D group.There were the same Trocar placement and surgical procedure in the 2 groups,and surgical procedure completely followed the treatment principle of Todani type Ⅰ choledochal cyst.Observation indicators included (Ⅰ) surgical situations:conversion to open surgery,operation time,volume of intraoperative blood loss,(2) postoperative situations:postoperative complications,(3) follow-up.Patients were followed up by outpatient examination or telephone interview to detect postoperative recovery up to April 30,2016.Measurement data with skewed distribution were presented as M (range) and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test.Count data were compared by Fisher exact probability.Results (1) Surgical situations:patients in the 2 groups underwent laparoscopic choledochal cystectomy + Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy.Two patients in the 2D group received conversion to open surgery and patients in the 3D group received the successful surgery without conversion to open surgery.Rate of conversion to open surgery in the 2D and 3D groups were 6.7％ (2/30) and 0,respectively,with no statistically significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).Operation time in the 2D and 3D groups were 285 minutes (range,240-390 minutes) and 190 minutes (range,140-215 minutes),with a statistically significant difference (U =40.0,P ＜ 0.05).Volume of intraoperative blood loss in the 2D and 3D groups were 50 mL (range,10-300mL) and 45 mL (range,20-250 mL),with no statistically significant difference (U =1 018.5,P ＞ 0.05).(2)Postoperative situations:patients in the 2 groups had good recovery,without occurrence of severe complications in Clavien-Dindo≥ Ⅲ stage.Four and 1 patients in the 2D and 3D groups were complicated with bile leakage (in Ⅱ stage of Clavien-Dindo) and 1 and 1 were complicated with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (in]][stage of Clavien-Dindo),respectively,with no statistically significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).Overall incidence of complications in the 2D and 3D groups were 16.7％ (5/30) and 10.3％ (3/29),with no statistically significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).All the patients were cured by conservative treatment.(3) Follow-up:59 patients were followed up for 5-36 months,with good recovery and without occurrence of reflux cholangitis,hepatic and intestinal anastomosis stenosis and reoperation.Conclusions 3D and 2D laparoscopic surgeries are safe and effective for Todani type Ⅰ choledochal cyst.Compared with 2D laparoscopic surgery,3D laparoscopic surgery can reduce the operation time and not increase the complications,and it should be discreetly promoted based on the experiences of surgeons.

BACKGROUND: Hippocampal structure in brain is the division related to learning and memory, generally it is closely relevant to spatial cognitive activity. Marginal division of striatum is a latest discovered subdivision related to learning and memory function of brain, whether is its learning and memory function different from that in hippocampus?OBJECTIVE: To compare the difference, function and importance in learning and memory function between marginal division of striatum and hippocampus in brain and observe the difference in escape learning and memory between marginal division of striatum and hippocampus.DESIGN: Completely randomized controlled experiment.SETTING: Institute of Neuroscience in Zhujiang Hospital Affiliated to First Military Medical University of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed in Institute of Neuroscience in Zhujiang Hospital Affiliated to First Military Medical University of Chinese PLA from March 2002 to July 2003. Totally 109 normal male adult SD rats were employed and 75 rats of them were screened as the qualified animals by twice Y-maze test. Randomly, 25 rats were divided into damaged marginal division of striatum group (DMD group), 10 rats were into bilateral fimbria-fornix transection group (FFT group), 30 rats were into the control of marginal division of striatum (MD control) and 10 rats were into the control of bilateral fimbria-fornix group (FF control). After 24 hours training in Y-maze,In DMD group, 10 g/L kainic acid 0.1 to 0.2 μL was used to damage bilateral marginal division of striatum of rats. In MD control, physiological saline of minim dose was injected in bilateral marginal division of striatum of rats. In FFT group, bilateral fimbria-fornix was transectioned. In FF control, the cortical tissue of the superficial layer of bilateral fimbria-fornix was transectioned. The operation was done on the second day after the 2nd screening. The behavior of rats in learning and memory was observed in Y-maze on the 5th day after operation (during 30 times of maze test, if success frequency ≥ 15,normal capacity of learning and memory was identified.).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Success frequency of rats in different groups in Y-maze learning before and after operation.RESULTS: Of 109 normal male adult SD rats, 75 rats were screened to be qualified after twice Y-maze test. During the experiment, 3 rats were died and other 32 rats fell into disuse for the drug or physiological saline was not injected accurately to the marginal division of striatum. Terminally, 40 rats entered the analysis in total, of which, 11 rats were in DMD group, 9 rats in MD quency in Y-maze learning of rats in DMD group after operation was lower than MD control, FFT group and FF control [(9.27±4.29) times, (22.56±4.25)frequency in Y-maze learning of rats in DMD group after operation was also significantly lower than that before operation [(9.27±4.29) time, (18.27±3.07)FFT group was basically same as FF control and MD control (P=0.660 and P=0.489) and it was basically same to the success frequency in Y-maze learning before operation (P=0.700).CONCLUSION: The learning of Y-maze in rats with damaged marginal division of striatum was remarkably reduced and there was no obvious change in learning and memory between the rats with fimbria-fornix transaction and without transaction. It is verified that marginal division of striatum can reflex complex learning and memory behavior in electric Y-maze test, which cannot be achieved in hippocampus. It is further explained the difference of the two divisions in controlling learning and memory in cerebrum, the marginal division of striatum is able to control hippocampus in learning and memory function.