OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the bioequivalence of domestic and imported Fenofibrate capsules in healthy volunteers. METHODS: In double-period crossover study, 18 healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of domestic Fenofibrate capsule 200 mg (test capsule) and imported capsule 200 mg (reference capsule). The content of fenofibric acid in plasma was measured with HPLC. BECS pharmacokinetics program was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability and to evaluate the bioequivalence of two preparations. RESULTS: The main pharmacokinetic parameters of domestic Fenofibrate capsule vs. imported Fenofibrate capsule were as follows: t1/2(21.34?3.31) h vs.(21.83?4.35) h, Cmax(7.31?2.65) mg?L-1 vs. (7.28?2.66) mg?L-1, tmax(4.72?0.57) h vs.(4.67?0.59) h, AUC0～72(170.09?54.06) mg?h?L-1 vs. (172.2?54.64) mg?h?L-1, AUC0～∞(188.56?55.27) mg?h?L-1 vs. (192.27?56.62) mg?h?L-1. The relative bioavailability F0～72 and F0～∞ of domestic Fenofibrate capsule were(98.87?6.76)% vs.(98.00?6.72)%, respectively. Non-parameter test of tmax and variance analysis and t-test of Cmax and AUC0～72 showed there was no statistical difference between 2 kinds of Fenofibrate capsules. The 90% confidential intervals of AUC0～72 and Cmax of test capsule were 83.3%～116.9% and 81.1%～124.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The domestic and imported Fenofibrate capsules are bioequivalent.

OBJECTIVETo explore the correlation between four tagSNPs of Eppin gene (rs6124715, rs2231829, rs2227290 and rs11594) and the risk of idiopathic male infertility in the Chinese Han population.

METHODSA total of 473 confirmed infertile patients (from March 2005 to March 2007) and 198 fertile male controls (March 2005 to February 2009) were selected from two hospitals in Nanjing. All the subjects were Han Chinese and came from Nanjing or its surrounding areas. 5 ml peripheral blood was drawn from each subject with informed consent. Four tagSNPs (rs6124715, rs2231829, rs2227290 and rs11594) in Eppin gene were analyzed by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) method. The serum testosterone level was evaluated by radioimmunoassay (RIA).

RESULTSThe genotype frequencies of AA,AC and CC at rs11594 were 76.3% (361/473), 20.1% (95/473) and 3.6% (17/473) respectively in the case group, while the frequencies in the control group were 75.3% (149/198), 24.2% (48/198), 0.5% (1/198) respectively, the differences were statistically significant (χ² = 7.73, P = 0.021), the CC genotype carriers had an increased risk of male infertility (OR = 7.02, 95% CI:0.93-53.19). In the combined genotype analysis, the haplotype CTGA carriers has significantly lower onset risk (OR = 0.18, 95% CI:0.06-0.53). In the two groups, the frequencies and the risk of male infertility were no statistically significant in rs6124715, rs2231829 and rs2227290 genotype.

CONCLUSIONSThe Eppin gene polymorphisms were correlated to the susceptibility to idiopathic male infertility. Among them, CC genotype at rs11594 could increase the risk of idiopathic male infertility.

Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory

Objective: To establish a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the determination of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in drinking water, investigate its removal efficiency during tap water advanced treatment process and analyze its degradation products in the tap water. Methods: Two parallel water samples were collected from each point of tap water advanced treatment process in September 2015, November 2015 and January 2016, respectively, and treated by mixing, filtration, concentration, elution, nitrogen blow and re-dissolvement. The samples were analyzed by LC/MS/MS to determine the MC-LR concentration and its removal efficiency during treatment process. The combination of actual water enrichment (including source water enrichment of 50 times and 1 500 times concentrated, finished water enrichment of 50 times and 2 500 times concentrated) and laboratory simulated water (including the mixture of MC-LR and liquid chlorine in the mass ratio of 1∶10, 1∶20, 1∶100 and 1∶1 000, respectively) were used to qualitative analyze the MC-LR degradation products by Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Results: The linearity of MC-LR ranged from 2 to 200 μg/L with the detection limit of 0.007 9 μg/L and the limit of quantification of 0.026 3 μg/L. The recovery rate of MC-LR from different contration in drinking water were from 94.88%-101.47%. The intra-day precision was 2.51%-7.93% and the intra-day precision was 3.24%-8.41%. The average concentration of MC-LR in source water was (0.631±0.262) μg/L, 94.0% of which can be removed by ozone exposure while the concentrate was (0.038±0.016) μg/L, biological pre-treatment and chlorination. The remaining can hardly be removed by sand filtration, ozone exposure, activated carbon, ultrafiltration and other processes. The MC-LR average concentration in the finished water maintained at about (0.036±0.016) μg/L. Degradation products including hydroxy-microcystin, methyl-hydroxy-microcystin, methyl-microcystin were identified in the laboratory simulated water of the mixture of MC-LR and liquid chlorine in the mass ratio of 1∶10. Conclusion The established MC-LR detection method can be well applied to the monitoring of MC-LR in drinking water due to its simple pre-treatment process and good methodological validation parameters. The degradation products of treatment processes was different.

Background The concentrations of disinfection by-products (DBPs) are varied by different water sources, disinfectants, or treatment processes in Wuxi, and the associated health risks are also different. Objective To understand the levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetamides (HAcAms) in drinking water in Wuxi, and their variations by water sources, seasons, disinfectants or treatment processes, aiming to provide technical support for ensuring the safety of drinking water. Methods In dry period (December 2019) and wet period (July 2020), the finished water and tap water (from the beginning, middle, and end of the drinking water distribution network) from 12 centralized water treatment plants in Wuxi were collected to detect the concentrations of THMs and HAcAms in water samples. A purge and trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was applied to detect trichloromethane (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and tribromomethane (TBM), and a solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to detect dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), trichloroacetamide (TCAcAm), bromochloroacetamide (BCAcAm), dibromoacetamide (DBAcAm), bromodichloroacetamide (BDCAcAm), dibromochloroacetamide (DBCAcAm), and tribromoacetamide (TBAcAm). Analyses and comparisons were made on the concentrations of THMs and HAcAms in drinking water by water sources (the Yangtze River/the Taihu Lake/reservoir), wet/dry seasons, disinfection methods (liquid chlorine/sodium hypochlorite), and treatment processes (conventional treatment/conventional+advanced treatment). Results A total of 96 drinking water samples were collected in Wuxi. THMs were positive in all the water samples (100%), with concentration ranging from 1.027 to 40.225 μg·L⁻¹ and the M (P₂₅, P₇₅) concentration being 24.782 (17.784, 30.932) μg·L⁻¹. None of the 4 THMs exceeded the standard limit of the Standards for drinking water quality (GB 5749-2022 ), and the order of the 4 THMs concentrations from high to low was TCM > BDCM > DBCM > TBM. Five of the 7 HAcAms were detected, the total concentration ranged from 0.137 to 3.288 μg·L⁻¹, and the M (P₂₅, P₇₅) was 0.808 (0.482, 1.704) μg·L⁻¹. The DCAcAm concentration was the highest (2.448 μg·L⁻¹), followed by BCAcAm, while TCAcAm and DBCAcAm were not detected. The M (P₂₅, P₇₅) of the total concentration of THMs in the drinking water from the Taihu Lake was 33.353 (26.649, 36.217) μg·L⁻¹, that of the Yangtze River was 27.448 (24.312, 31.393) μg·L⁻¹, and both were higher than the level of the reservoir [16.359 (2.305, 21.553) μg·L⁻¹] (P<0.05), while the M (P₂₅, P₇₅) of the total concentration of HAcAms in the drinking water from the Taihu Lake was 0.616 (0.363, 0.718) μg·L⁻¹, which was lower than those of the Yangtze River [0.967 (0.355, 2.283) μg·L⁻¹] and the reservoir [1.071 (0.686, 1.828) μg·L⁻¹] (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the total concentrations of THMs and HAcAms between wet season and dry season, or between different disinfection methods (P>0.05). The M (P₂₅, P₇₅) concentrations of THMs and HAcAms in drinking water after advanced treatment process involving ozone, activated carbon, and membrane were 20.565 (3.316, 27.185) μg·L⁻¹ and 0.623 (0.452, 1.286) μg·L⁻¹ respectively, and were lower than the corresponding values after conventional treatment process, 28.740 (23.431, 35.085) μg·L⁻¹ and 0.934 (0.490, 2.116) μg·L⁻¹ respectively (P＜0.05). Conclusion The concentrations of THMs and HAcAms in drinking water in Wuxi are generally at a low level. The levels of controlled THMs meet the requirements of national standards, and the levels of uncontrolled HAcAms as new DBPs are up to μg·L⁻¹. The concentrations of the two kinds of DBPs in drinking water vary by water sources. The concentrations of THMs and HAcAms produced by the advanced treatment process are lower than that by the conventional treatment process.

Objective:To analyze the auxiliary application strategy and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in laparoscopic anatomical hemihepatectomy (LAH).Method:The clinical data of consecutive patients who underwent RFA-assisted LAH from 5 hospitals including Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University between January 2016 and January 2020 were retrospectively reviewed.Results:Among the 32 patients, there were 21 males and 11 females. The age range is 32 to 77 years, with a median age of 52 years. There were 18 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, including 16 cases of single lesion and 2 cases of two lesions, with the maximum tumor diameter of (5.6±1.2) cm. There were 12 cases of metastatic liver cancer, including 8 cases of single lesion, 3 cases of two lesions, 1 case of three lesions, and the maximum tumor diameter (4.7±1.6) cm. Primary hepatolithiasis: 2 cases. Right hemihepatectomy was performed in 23 cases and left hemihepatectomy in 9 cases. No conversion to laparotomy. The operation time of right hemihepatectomy was (310.0±22.0) min, and left hemihepatectomy was (285.0±25.0) min. Intraoperative hemorrhage (330.0±28.0) ml. No patients received intraoperative infusion of human red blood cell suspension. Postoperative reactive pleural effusion occurred in 6 cases, biliary fistula in 3 cases, wound infection in 1 case, and cross section effusion in 1 case, all of which recovered after conservative treatment. No postoperative abdominal bleeding and liver insufficiency. Postoperative hospital stay (9.5±3.2) d. The follow-up time was 1-42 months, and the median follow-up time was 20 months. During the follow-up period, 17 (56.7%) of the 30 patients with malignant tumor experienced tumor recurrence, no sectional tumor recurrence, and no death.Conclusions:RFA has a variety of auxiliary applications in LAH, including prevention and treatment of liver cancer rupture during mobilization of liver, treatment of small bleeding blood vessels during liver transection, and help in securing safe and adequate resection margins.

A mutant strain ΔVcrV was constructed by using homologous recombination method for investigating the function of the VcrV gene in Vibrio alginolyticus type Ⅲ secretion system. The genetic stability of ΔVcrV was detected by PCR, and the biological characteristics between the mutant and the wild type strains were compared. ΔVcrV muntat had no significant changes in growth rate and autoagglutination compared with the wild type strain, but the ability to form biofilms was reduced, and the LD₅₀ was increased by 16.5 times. The swimming and swarming motility of the mutant strain ΔVcrV were significantly enhanced, while cell adhesion was significantly reduced than the wild strain (P < 0.01). The tolerance of ΔVcrV mutant to H₂O₂ and NaCl was decreased. Compared with that of the wild type strain, the sensitivity of ΔVcrV mutant to cefuroxime, medimycin and clindamycin was increased, but to amikacin and polymxin B was decreased. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) content of ΔVcrV mutant was significantly decreased (P < 0.01), and the indexes of proline, peptidoglycan, β-lactamase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase of ΔVcrV mutant were significantly increased than that of the wild type strain (P < 0.01). The biological characteristics of ΔVcrV mutant indicated that VcrV gene was involved in pathogenicity and various biological functions of V. alginolyticus type Ⅲ secretion system.
Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism* ; Fish Diseases ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism* ; Type III Secretion Systems ; Vibrio Infections ; Vibrio alginolyticus/genetics*

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in treatment of complicated pyogenic liver abscess (PLA).Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 20 patients with complicated PLA treated from August 2010 to January 2018 in the West Campus of Beijing Chao-yang Hospital which is Affiliated to the Capital Medical University and Rizhao Central Hospital of Shandong Province.These patients were treated with RFA based treatment modalities using CT-guided or laparoscopy combined with Ultrasound-guided RFA.The successful rate,efficacious rate and safety of RFA were respectively analyzed.Routine follow-up was carried out after treatment.Results The successful rate of RFA was 100％.The median operation time was 45 minutes.All the 20 patients were cured by one session of RFA.The multilocular lesion in one patient was converted to a unilocular lesion after one session of RFA.The patient was then cured by percutaneous hepatic abscess drainage.No serious complications were observed.Conclusions RFA was safe and efficacious.It should be considered as an alternative treatment for patients with complicated PLA who were not responsive to,or not applicable to antibiotics treatment and radiological intervention.

Objective:To study the timing of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in treatment of complicated pyogenic liver abscesses (PLA).Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on 49 patients with complicated PLA who were treated with the RFA-based treatment modality from August 2010 to January 2020 at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, West Campus, Capital Medical University, Institute of Hepatobiliary, Pancreas and Spleen Surgery and the Second Hospital, Binzhou. The patients were divided into the early RFA group (≤ 72 h, n=27) and the delayed RFA group (>72 h, n=22) according to the timing of RFA. RFA was guided by laparoscopy combined with Ultrasound or CT. The safety and effective rates of RFA, and the total expenses were evaluated. Results:All patients in both the early and the delayed RFA groups were successfully cured (100%). No serious complications, including biliary leakage and massive hemorrhage, happened in the 2 groups. Significantly longer operating time and hospital stays [(8.1±1.6)d vs. (9.5±1.5)d], and higher hospital costs [(3.4±0.2) ten thousand yuan vs. (3.8±0.4) ten thousand yuan] were found in the delayed RFA group when compared with the early RFA group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:RFA treatment of complicated PLA should be completed within 72 hours of onset of PLA.

Objective:To study the results of using a sequential menagement of conservative treatment, percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage(PTCD), laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC) combined with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration(LCBDE) and primary duce closure(PDC) in patients with cholecystolithiasis and common bile duct stone(CBDS) who presented with acute cholangitis.Methods:The clinical data of 397 patients with CBDS and cholecystolithiasis who presented with acute cholangitis from January 2015 to August 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, including 230 patients from the West Campus, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 patients from the Second People's Hospital of Binzhou and 72 patients from Rizhao Central Hospital. Conservative treatment, PTCD and LC+ LCBDE+ PDC were used sequentially. The interval between PTCD and LCBDE, the decrease of serum total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase after PTCD, the operative time of LC+ LCBDE+ PDC, and the intraoperative blood loss were analyzed. Postoperative indwelling time of abdominal drainage tube and PTCD tube time, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative complications, etc.Results:These were 15 males and 18 femals with the mean age of 57.5 years old. The mean serum total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase levels decreased from (148.3±36.8) μmol/L and (172.6±26.9) U/L before PTCD to (32.6±5.9) μmol/L and (45.7±7.2) U/L after PTCD, respectively. The interval between PTCD and LCBDE was (25.3±2.6) d. The operation time of LC+ LCBDE+ PDC was (95.4±14.2) min. The intraoperative blood loss was (35.2±9.5 )ml and the mean postoperative hospital stay was (12.4±3.5) d. The postoperative indwelling time of abdominal drainage tubes and PTCD tubes were (10.6±2.3) d and (25.8±4.7) d, respectively. After surgery, bile leakage occurred in 3 patients (9.1%), abdominal hemorrhage in 1 patient (3.0%), biliary bleeding in 1 patient (3.0%), navel incision infection in 1 patient (3.0%), lower common bile duct stenosis in 2 patients (6.1%). All complications responded well to conservation treatment.Conclusions:Sequential treatment using conservative treatment, PTCD combined with LC+ LCBDE+ PDC in patients with cholecystolithiasis and CBDS who presented with acute cholangitis was safe, and efficacious using the minimally invasive approach. This approach is worth promoting to other centers.