Objective To explore the relating factors for cognitive dysfunction in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).Methods Totally 150 patients with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) and 150 gender and age-matched healthy subjects (controls) received the cognitive and depression function assessment.150 AECOPD cases were classified into two groups:COPD patients with or without cognitive dysfunction.Fasting blood uric acid (UA) was measured and compared between the two groups.Relating factors for cognition dysfunction were analyzed.Results The score of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was reduced in AECOPD patients as compared with controls [(19.01±3.58) vs.(26.58±1.42)scores,t=-3.48,P=0.032].The score of Hamilton depression (HAMD) scale was higher in AECOPD patients than in controls [(18.05 ± 4.50) vs.(9.98 ± 3.51) scores,t =4.63,P =0.028].The prevalence of cognitive impairment in the patients with AECOPD was 82 cases (54.7％).The serum UA level was lower in the AECOPD patients with cognitive impairment than in patients without cognitive impairment [(235±42) μmol/L (n=82) vs.(332±45) μmol/L (n=68),t=-6.65,P=0.003].In AECOPD patients,the cognitive function was correlated with education,length of hospital stay,serum UA level,COPD stages,disease duration and the depression level,but was not correlated with smoking and body mass index.Conclusions The cognitive impairment is highly prevalent in patients with AECOPD,which is associated with lower serum UA level,longer hospital stay and disease severity.

Objective To investigate clinical significance and the correlation between oxygen uptake efficiency slope(OUES) measured by the cardiopulmonary exercise test(CPET) and echocardiographic left ventricular function in elderly patients with coronary heart diseases after the percutaneous coronary intervention.Methods Patients aged 65 years and over after PCI and CPET were enrolled to collect relevant parameters including the peak oxygen consumption(VO2peak),oxygen pulse(VO2/HR),OUES and cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF) index,also mitral annulus systolic peak speed(Sm),early diastolic mitral flow velocity Em and mitral annular early diastolic peak velocity Em ratio(E/Em) using the echocardiography.Patients with systolic velocity of mitral annulus(Sm)≥8 cm/s were assigned to the normal Sm group,while the rest were selected into the lower Sm group.The correlation between the cardiopulmonary fitness and cardiac function was analyzed.Results Four hundred and two patients were enrolled,with an average age of 71 ± 5 years,283 males(70.40％),and 119 females(29.60％).Among them,111 (27.61％) were 75 years of age or older,202(50.25％) ranging from 65 to 69 and 89 (22.14％) between 70 and 74.Totally 227 patients were diagnosed as angina pectoris(56.47％),62 as acute myocardial infarction (15.42％),and 113 patients with old myocardial infarction (28.11％).It was found that the heart systolic function was associated with CRF:Sm and OUES were positively correlated independently(r=29.220,P=0.001);Em was positively related to VO2peak(r=0.176,P＜0.001) andOUES (r=0.151,P=0.003).However,E/Em was negatively correlated with VO2peak (r=-0.199,P＜0.001),VO2/HR (r=-0.118,P=0.018) and OUES (r=-0.201,P＜0.001).The left atrial pressure was negatively correlated with VO2peak (r=-0.187,P＜0.001),VO2/HR (r=-0.108,P=0.030) and OUES (r=-0.185,P＜ 0.001).Left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular end diastolic diameter were not found to be related to cardiorespiratory fitness parameters (P＞0.05).Conclusion The cardiopulmonary exercise test can be used as a practical method to evaluate and guide the rehabilitation exercises.The CRF parameters can evaluate the heart function exercise and is significantly correlated to the resting cardiac systolic and diastolic function parameters.

Wavefront aberration is an evaluation index of objective visual quality.In recent years, the relationship between the wavefront aberration compensation in human eyes and the visual quality has been paid more and more attention.There is a mutual compensation relationship between various aberration terms, between corneal aberration and intraocular aberration, and between the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces, and the visual nervous system compensates human eye aberrations.The characteristics of aberration compensation change with age, and are different in analysis of different regions.Vision correction methods, such as refractive surgery and contact lenses, will change the aberration compensation relationship in human eyes, and the changes caused may have an impact on visual quality.It is important to understand the relationship between the aberration compensation characteristics in human eyes and the visual quality.Therefore, not only the existing aberrations should be taken into consideration, but also the compensation characteristics of human eye aberrations must be elucidated to make personalized correction for the aberrations and improve the visual quality after correction.The research progress and significance on the relationship between human eye aberration compensation characteristics and visual quality were reviewed in this article.

Objective:To discuss the improved methods for the isolation and culture of primary chondrocytes from the neonatal rats,and to establish an efficient and economical in vitro chondrocyte culture system.Methods:The primary chondrocytes were isolated from the joints of neonatal rats and divided into overnight digestion(OD)group and rapid digestion(RD)group for separation.The chondrocytes in OD group were digested overnight by type Ⅱ collagenase,while the chondrocytes in RD group were separated by the combination of pre-digestion with physical and chemical digestion methods.The chondrocytes were cultured in modified media containing 0％(blank group 1),1％,2％,4％,and 10％fetal bovine serum(FBS),0(blank group 2),0.1,0.2,0.4,0.8,1.0,and 2.0 g·L-1 vitamin C(VC),and 0(blank group 3),0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0,8.0,10.0 μg·L-1 poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA)nanoparticles.The media containing different concentrations of FBS,VC,and PLGA were mixed with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/nutrient mixture F-12(DMEM/F12),and were divided into related groups based on the concentrations of ingredients.Cell counter was used to count the chondrocytes in various groups and the survival rates and diameters of the chondrocytes in various groups were detected;Toluidine blue staining was used to detect the morphology of the chondrocytes in various groups;CCK-8 method was used to detect the proliferative activities of the chondrocytes in various groups;cell adhesion assay was used to detect the adhesion rates of the chondrocytes in various groups;Hoechst/propidium iodide(PI)staining was used to detect the apoptosis of the chondrocytes in various groups;MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation activities of the chondrocytes in various groups after treated with modified media.The cells were divided into DMEM/F12+10％FBS group,DMEM/F12+1％FBS group,and DMEM/F12+1％FBS+0.4 g·L-1 VC+1 μg·L-1 PLGA group.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)method was used to detect the expression levels of sex-determining region Y-box 9(SOX9),collagen type Ⅱ alpha 1 chain(Col2A1),collagen type X alpha 1 chain(Col10A1),and matrix metallopeptidase 13(MMP13)mRNAs in the chondrocytes in various groups after treated with modified media;immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expressions of type Ⅱ collagen(COL Ⅱ)and SOX9 in the chondrocytes in various groups after treated with modified media.Results:The survival rate of primary chondrocytes in OD group was lower than that in RD group,and the average cell diameter was larger than that in RD group.The primary chondrocytes in OD group were larger and spindle-shaped,and most cells exhibited pseudopodia;in RD group,the primary chondrocytes were smaller,mostly rhomboid in shape,with only a portion of the cells showing pseudopodia.The Toluidine blue staining results showed significant coloration in both groups,but the digestion time of the chondrocytes in RD group was shorter,and compared with OD group,the actual culture time of the chondrocytes was reduced by 9-13 h,and more immature morphology of the primary chondrocytes were observed.The proliferation activity of the primary chondrocytes in OD group was slow at 24 h of culture but increased at 48 h of culture,and the proliferation activity of the primary chondrocytes was significantly higher at 48 h of culture compared with 12 h of culture(P＜0.01).Compared with 12 h of culture,the proliferation rates of the primary chondrocytes in RD group were increased at 24 and 48 h of culture(P＜0.01).At 24 and 48 h of culture,compared with OD group,the proliferation rates of the primary chondrocytes in RD group were increased(P＜0.05).The number of apoptotic chondrocytes in RD group was lower than that in OD group,and no necrotic chondrocytes were observed in either group.The proliferation activities of chondrocytes of the rats were increased with the rising of FBS concentration in the culture medium.Compared with blank group 1,the proliferation activities of chondrocytes of the rats after treated with culture mediums containing 1％,2％,4％,and 10％FBS were significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with blank group 2,the proliferative activities of chondrocytes of the rats after treated with culture mediums containing 0.2-1.0 g·L-1 VC were significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the highest proliferation activity was found when the concentration of VC was 0.4 g·L-1(P＜0.01).Compared with blank group 3,the proliferation activities of chondrocytes of the rats after treated with culture mediums containing 1-4 μg·L-1 PLGA were significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the highest proliferation activity was found after treated with culture medium containing 1 μg·L-1 PLGA(P＜0.05).Compared with DMEM/F12+10％FBS group,the expression levels of SOX9 mRNA and Col2A1 mRNA in the chondrocytes in DMEM/F12+1％FBS group were significantly increased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Compared with DMEM/F12+10％FBS group,the expression levels of SOX9 mRNA and Col2A1 mRNA in the chondrocytes in DMEM/F12+1％FBS+0.4 g·L-1 VC+1 μg·L-1 PLGA group were significantly increased(P＜0.01).The immunofluorescence staining results showed that the green fluorescence signal of COL Ⅱ and the red fluorescence signal of SOX9 were observed in some chondrocytes in DMEM/F12+10％FBS group under fluorescence microscope,and the fluorescence intensity was weak.In DMEM/F12+1％FBS group,most chondrocytes exhibited COL Ⅱ green fluorescence signal and SOX9 red fluorescence signal,and the fluorescence intensity was significantly stronger than that in DMEM/F12+10％FBS group.In DMEM/F12+1％FBS+0.4 g·L-1 VC+1 μg·L-1 PLGA group,the COLⅡ green fluorescence signal and SOX9 red fluorescence signal were found in all the chondrocytes,and the fluorescence intensity was significantly higher than those in DMEM/F12+10％FBS and DMEM/F12+1％FBS groups.The expression levels of COLⅡ and SOX9 proteins in the chondrocytes in DMEM/F12+1％FBS group were significantly higher than those in DMEM/F12+10％FBS group,and the expression levels of COL Ⅱ and SOX9 proteins in the chondrocytes in DMEM/F12+1％FBS+0.4 g·L-1 VC+1 μg·L-1 PLGA group were significantly higher than those in DMEM/F12+10％FBS group.Conclusion:The improved methods for the isolation and culture of primary chondrocytes of the rats can overcome the shortcomings of traditional methods,shorten the isolation time of primary chondrocytes,and improve the quality of in vitro culture of primary chondrocytes.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between low-order and high-order aberrations and objective depth of focus in the human eye, and the factors that influence objective depth of focus.Methods:A cross-sectional study was performed.Seventy-six patients (152 eyes) with myopia and astigmatism patients who were treated at the Refractive Surgery Center of Tianjin Eye Hospital from February to April 2022 were selected, including 41 males and 35 females.The patients' whole-eye low-order and high-order aberrations and objective depth of focus were measured at 3, 4, 5, and 6 mm manually selected pupil diameters using the iTrace visual function analyzer.The correlation between objective depth of focus and low-order and high-order aberrations at different pupil diameters was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation analysis.Objective depth of focus was compared between individuals with different degrees of myopia and astigmatism, individuals with different pupil diameters, right and left eyes, and different sexes.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Eye Hospital (No.2022039).Results:Objective depth of focus was positively correlated with total low-order aberrations at 3, 4, 5, and 6 mm pupil diameter ( rs=0.380, 0.317, 0.385, 0.519, all at P<0.01). Objective depth of focus was positively correlated with defocus at 3, 4, 5, and 6 mm pupil diameter ( rs=0.377, 0.323, 0.403, 0.512, all at P<0.01), and with astigmatism at 6 mm pupil diameter ( rs=0.255, P<0.05). There were statistically significant overall differences in objective depth of focus between groups with different degrees of myopia at 3, 4, 5, and 6 mm pupil diameter ( H=6.440, 7.370, 9.990, 16.930; all at P<0.05). Among them, the objective depth of focus of high myopia was significantly higher than that of low myopia at different pupil diameters, and the objective depth of focus of high myopia was higher than that of moderate myopia at 6 mm pupil diameter, with statistically significant differences (all at P<0.05). Objective depth of focus was positively correlated with total high-order aberration at pupil diameters of 3, 4, 5, and 6 mm ( rs=0.911, 0.807, 0.733, 0.677; all at P<0.001). Among various high-order aberrations, objective depth of focus was positively correlated with total coma at 3, 4, 5, and 6 mm pupil diameter ( rs=0.727, 0.557, 0.620, 0.487; all at P<0.001), positively correlated with vertical coma at 3, 4, 5, and 6 mm pupil diameter ( rs=0.439, 0.405, 0.553, 0.400; all at P<0.001), positively correlated with horizontal coma at 5 and 6 mm pupil diameter ( rs=0.308, 0.308; both at P<0.01), positively correlated with trefoil aberration at 3, 4, 5, and 6 mm pupil diameter ( rs=0.344, 0.443, 0.316, 0.330; all at P<0.01), positively correlated with spherical aberration at 4, 5, and 6 mm pupil diameter ( rs=0.321, 0.310, 0.428; all at P<0.01). There was a significant difference in objective depth of focus between 3 and 4 mm, 5 and 6 mm pupil diameters ( P=0.011, 0.004). There was no statistically significant difference in objective depth of focus between different degrees of astigmatism, between males and females, or between left and right eyes (all at P>0.05). Conclusions:The objective depth of focus of the human eye is mainly strongly correlated with vertical coma, trefoil aberration in high-order aberrations, as well as defocus in low-order aberrations.Horizontal coma and spherical aberration are strongly correlated with objective depth of focus only when the pupil diameter is large.In addition, if the pupil diameter is too small (3 mm) or too large (6 mm), it has a significant effect on the objective depth of focus.

Objective:To explore the pupil size distribution of the Chinese myopic population under different mesopic conditions, and to analyze the possible influencing factors.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.Two hundred and fourteen myopic patients (428 eyes) who underwent refractive surgery in Tianjin Eye Hospital from December 2018 to April 2019 were randomly selected.The patients were 17 to 45 years old, with an average age of (22.62±4.88) years old.The patients were divided into astigmatism <-1.5 D group (372 eyes) and astigmatism ≥-1.5 D group (56 eyes) according to their astigmatism measurements.The low mesopic pupil size (LMPS) (0.2 lx) was measured with the infrared Colvard pupillometer, and the high mesopic pupil size (HMPS) (6-12 lx) was obtained through the anterior Pentacam segment analyzer.The pupil size was compared between both eyes, different sexes and different astigmatism measurements.The relationship between pupil size and possible influencing factors, such as age, sex, spherical equivalent, spherical diopter, cylinder diopter, axis, mean keratometry(Km), and central cornea thickness was analyzed.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Eye Hospital (No.201912). Written informed consent was obtained from each subject or their guardians.Results:The pupil sizes measured by the Colvard pupillometer and Pentacam were (6.806±0.776)mm and (3.312±0.540)mm, respectively.The pupil size of male subjects was (6.692±0.754)mm, which was larger than (6.668±0.792)mm of females, showing a statistically significant difference ( t=2.935, P=0.004). Under the high mesopic condition, the pupil size of astigmatism ≥-1.5 D group was lower than that of astigmatism <-1.5 D group, with a statistically significant difference ( t=2.611, P=0.009). Under the low mesopic condition, pupil size was negatively correlated with age and Km ( r=-0.213, -0.210; both at P<0.001). Under the high mesopic condition, pupil size was weakly positively correlated with cylinder power ( r=0.124, P=0.010) and was weakly negatively correlated with Km ( r=-0.142, P=0.003). The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the LMPS=0.659×HMPS-0.019×age-0.084×Km+ 8.662.About 28% of pupil size under low mesopic conditions could be predicted by Pentacam.LMPS of ≤7 mm could be better predicted when the results were below 3.6 mm. Conclusions:Age and corneal curvature are influencing factors of mesopic pupil size.Older people with steep curvature have a smaller pupil.At high mesopic conditions, astigmatism affects pupil size.Pentacam measurements can predict LMPS to some degree but are not a substitute for dark-adapted pupil diameter.

The recent discovery of activator compounds binding to an allosteric site on the NAD