0.05). The positive expression rate of p21 and p53 in gallbladder carcinoma was 62.5%(25/40) and 65.0%(26/40) respectively. The expression values of p21 and p53 in chronic cholecystitis was 2.5%(1/40) and 5.0%(2/40) respectively, which was significantly different from that of gallbladder carcinoma ( P

Gastrointestinal cancer is the most prevalent cancer among malignant tumors,with a upward trend in incidence.Since there is absence of specific clinical manifestation as well as low diagnostic rate,patients diagnosed with cancer of digestive tract are mostly in intermediate or advanced stages.Therefore,they lose the best chance of surgery and have a poor prognosis. Metabonomics,a kind of high sensitivity research technology,shows great potential in the exploration of occurrence and development of malignant tumor.The aim of this study was to review the progress of application in gastrointestinal cancer by metabonomics.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase(IDO)is the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of trypto-phan along the kynurenine pathway.Over expression of IDO is one of the reasons which are responsible for immune tolerance of tumor.IDO also affects the effects of the vaccine of the dendritic cell in the tumor therapy.Lipopolysaccharide(LPS),cytokines and so on can regulate the expression of IDO via different regulating mechanisms.IDO participates in the local immune tolerance of tumor by three kinds of mechanisms.Further research on this immunological regulatory mechanism will be significant for tumor immunotherapy.

Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder (PCG)is the common malignant tumor in the biliary system.Because there is no specific clinical manifestation, patients diagnosed with PCG are mostlyin intermediate or advanced stages.Therefore, they lose the chance of radical resection of gallbladder carcinoma and have a poor prognosis.Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are not effective palliative measures.Immunotherapy has become an alternative strategy besides operation, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.Treatment with DCs vaccines, as a new method of immunotherapy, has become more and more important.Here we review treatment with DCs vaccines in primary carcinoma of gallbladder.

Objective To investigate the expressions of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and transcription factor forkhead box P3(FOXP3)in gallbladder adenocarcinoma; and to evaluate the relationship between the expressions of IDO and FOXP3 protein,and clinicopathology and lymph node metastasis of gallbladder carcinoma.Methods The expressions of IDO and FOXP3 in 51 cases of primary gallbladder cancer,90 cases of chronic cholecystitis,and 20 cases of normal gallbladder tissues were studied by immunohistochemical staining. Results The positive expression rates of IDO and FOXP3 in gallbladder carcinoma were 72.5％ (37/51) and 60.8％ (31/51),in normal gallbladder mucosa were 5％ (1/20) and 20.0％ (4/20),in cholecystitis and gallstone were 11.1％ (10/90) and 32.2％ (29/90),respectively.There were significant differences among the three groups in IDO and FOXP3 expressions (P＜0.01).The positive expression rates of IDO and FOXP3 were 7.1％ and 14.3％ for simple hyperplasia,17.7％ and 35.3％ for atypical hyperplasia,40％ and 35％ for gallbladder carcinoma (stages Ⅰ-Ⅲ),and 77.4％ and 64.5％ for gallbladder carcinoma (stages Ⅳ-Ⅴ ).There were significant differences among the four groups in IDO and FOXP3 expressions (P＜0.01).There were significant differences among the Nevin stage groups,lymph node metastasis group and gallbladder stone in IDO and FOXP3 expressions.However,there were no significant differences among the sex groups and the age groups in IDO and FOXP3 expressions (P＞0.05).In gallbladder carcinoma,the expression of IDO had a positive correlation with FOXP3 expression in lymphocyte (γ=0.406,P=0.003).Conclusion In gallbladder cancer,a high-expression of IDO and an expression of FOXP3 in lymphocyte are closely related with immune tolerance of gallbladder carcinoma.The results provide a reference for clinical use of immunotherapy in gallbladder cancer.

Objective To understand the species,species distribution,the dominant species and their interspecies interaction of chigger mites on Eothenomys miletus(a dominant species of rats)in Yunnan.Method The rats were captured with mouse traps in 16 counties(or cities)during 2000-2004.All mites on the surface of two auricles of the hosts were collected and identified.The patch index(m*/m)and the coefficient of association(V)were adopted to judge the spatial distribution patterns and interspecies interaction of the dominant chigger mite species among different individuals of the rats(E.miletus).Results 1157 individuals of E.miletus were captured from 16 counties(citys).37613 chigger mites(belonging to 3 subfamily,9 genus and 80 species)were collected from the auricles(body surface)of 1157 rat hosts with a high “overall mite infestation rate”(68.2%)and “overall mite index”(32.5).Six species of mites were found dominant on E.miletus:Leptotrombidium scutellare,Leptotrombidium sinicum,Helenicula simena,Leptotrombidium eothenomydis,Herpetacarus hastoclavus and Leptotrombidium hiemalis.The distribution of the chigger mites among different individuals of E.miletus showed an aggregation pattern.Both positive and negative association existed between each two dominant species of chigger mites.Conclusion The species composition of chigger mites on Eothenomys miletus is complex with abundant individuals,which reflects a high species diversity of the mites.The main species of chigger mites tend to an aggregation on the body surface of E.miletus.

Leptotrombidium eothenomydis.There was a wide niche overlap between any two chigger species with all indices beyond 0.76.Slight positive association existed between each two dominant species of chigger mites by the coefficient of association(V).Conclusion The community structure of chigger mites on the 7 major species of rodent hosts is complex,reflecting a high diversity of mite species.The niche breadth of the 6 dominant chigger species is different with a wide niche overlap.

Objective:In order to enhance the early dignosis level and strengthen the understanding of pathogeny、pathology by stage and prognosis of primary gallbladder car-cinoma(PGC). Methods : The results of 679 patients of PGC from 1956 to 1998 in first affiliated hospital of Xi'an medical university were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Most of the patients belong to advanced stage when dignosised. The PGC were usually found among the old women patients. The sex ratio(female/male) was 3:1. There is a intimate relatioship between gallstone and PGC. About sixty percents of PGC might be found gallstone.The dignostic accordance rate was low between preoperation and postopera-tion.Most patients with PGC were found unexpectedly in operation due to gallstone or a-cute cholecystitis. To worse more, many of patiens with PGC were missed the opportunities of dignosis and treatment because of only paying attention to gallstone. Most of the pathological types were adenocarcinoma. The development of imaging examination is hoped to find early stage cases and improve its prognosis. Conclusion : It is a basic way for early dignosis and improving prognosis to strengthen the understanding of pathogeny, pathology by stage and prognosis and rationalize application of all kinds of exzamination means in PGC.

Objective To investigate the mechanism on JAK/STAT1 signal pathway in SAHA down-regulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in gallbladder carcinoma cells.MethodsWe treated gallbladder carcinoma SGC-996 cells with IFN-γ and SAHA.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of IDO,signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation and interferon regulatory factor genes-1 (IRF-1).Confocal microscopy analysis was used to detect STAT1 translocation.Transient transfections and reporter genes assay was used in detecting the activation of γ-activated sites (GAS) and interferon stimulated response elements (ISRE).ResultsIDO expressed in SGC-996 cells in dose- and time-dependent manners when stimulated with IFN-γ.SAHA down-regulated the expression of IDO induced by IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner.SAHA blocked the expression of IRF-1 induced by IFN-γ.SAHA inhibited the IFN-γ-induced STAT1 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation.SAHA down-regulated IFN-γ-induced activation of GAS and ISRE.ConclusionsSAHA may down-regulate IDO expression through inhibiting the activation of members in JAK/STAT1 signal pathway.This may provide a new immunotherapeutic strategy to break tumor immune tolerance in gallbladder carcinoma.

Objective To evaluate the value of urinary normal and modified nucleosides in the diagnosis of primary gallbladder carcinoma.Methods Between March 2011 to September 2012,28 patients with primary carcinoma of the gallbladder (PCG) were included in this study.Spontaneous urine samples were collected and 10 kinds of urinary nucleosides in the sample were determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method.Another 62 patients with benign gallbladder disease and 70 healthy volunteers were enrolled as controls.Routine clinical tumor markers,including serum CA19-9 and CA125 levels of the PCG patients were also evaluated.Results 10 kinds of nucleoside had a good linear correlation (r＞0.99),and the recovery rate was between 87.4％ ～121.5％ range,and the accuracy rate was between 87.7％ ～121.3％,and the RSD of precision was between 1.5％～10.5％ range.In addition to adenosine and cytidine,the mean levels of the rest of the urinary nucleosides in the PCG group were much higher than those of the controls (P＜0.01).Based on principal component analysis,89.3％ of the PCG patients were correctly identified,which was much higher than those detected by CA19-9 (60.7％) and CA125 (67.9％) (P＜0.01).Conclusion Urinary nucleosides may become additional tumor markers which when combined with other clinical methods may help in the screening and early diagnosis of primary gallbladder cancer.