Objective To explore the effect of oropharyngeal healthy exercise combined with guided education in the treatment of dysphagia in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods 90 AD inpatients in the geriatric psychiatric department of Guangzhou Huiai Hospital during May 2014 and August 2015 were equally randomized into the study group and the control group with a random digit table:the former group was treated with routine oral muscles training and the latter with oropharyngeal healthy exercises combined with guided education plus routine muscles training. The comparison was done between the groups in terms of the total curative effectiveness 4 weeks following the intervention. Result The total effective rate in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion The oropharyngeal healthy exercise combined with guided education can effectively promote the recovery of swallowing function in AD patients.

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens that cause enteritis and systemic infection in animals and human. Understanding invasive capacities of SE isolates is of vital importance to elucidate pathogenesis of Salmonella infection. To improve the throughput capacity and repeatability of classical gentamicin protection assay (GPA), a modified PGA was developed by taking high-throughput advantage of 96-well cell plates and multichannel pipettes. In addition, drop plate technique rather than spread plate method was applied in the modified GPA protocol for bacterial enumeration. The modified GPA protocol was evaluated by phenotyping intracellular replication of a high virulent and a low virulent SE isolates, JL228 and LN248, in a phagocytic cell line RAW264.7. The protocol was then applied in invasive phenotype determination of 16 SE strains to non-phagocytes (HT-29) and the intracellular replication of 43 SE strains to phagocytes (RAW264.7). Significant lower intra-group and inter-group coefficient of variations of the modified GPA was observed, implying good repeatability and reproducibility over traditional protocol. Further, replication phenotypes were also correlated with those from direct observation by confocal microscopy. Collectively, the improved GPA protocol had advantages of high throughput capacity, good repeatability and reliability, it was also noticed that the protocol also represented a fast and labor-saving alternative scheme for the invasive phenotype determination of Salmonella Enteritidis, and providing reliable phenotype profiles for Salmonella-host interplay interpretation.
Animals ; Gentamicins/pharmacology* ; Humans ; Phenotype ; Reproducibility of Results ; Salmonella Infections, Animal ; Salmonella enteritidis

This article gives a review on the application status and clinical effect of behavioral activation （BA） therapy for patients with late-life depression， in which the theoretical content， research status and the characteristics of clinical application of BA therapy for patients with late-life depression were introduced， and the existing limitations and possible directions for future research were summarized， so as to provide references for the localization of BA therapy for patients with late-life depression.

BackgroundThe existing tools in China for assessing psychiatric nurses' knowledge， attitude and practice towards the use of protective restraint do not sufficiently consider the specialty in psychiatric practice， and the scale items are somewhat cumbersome to use， which together restrict their further promotion and application. Accordingly， there is an urgent need for developing a more scientific assessment tool. ObjectiveTo construct a scale for assessing psychiatric nurses' knowledge， attitude and practice towards the use of protective restraint and to verify its reliability and validity， so as to provide a generic tool for the assessment. MethodsBased on the theoretical framework of the knowledge-attitude-practice model， the preliminary scale was formed through systematic literature review， qualitative interview and Delphi method. From July to December 2021， a stratified sampling was utilized to select 729 psychiatric nurses from tertiary， secondary and primary （including unclassified medical institutions and grassroots hospitals） psychiatric hospitals in Guangdong Province. The formal scale was developed through item analysis， exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The validity of the scale was evaluated by content validity and structure validity， and the reliability was verified by procedures including Cronbach's α coefficient， test-retest reliability， and split-half reliability. ResultsA total of 12 items of three dimensions （knowledge， attitude， practice） were included in the scale for assessing psychiatric nurses' knowledge， attitude and practice towards the use of protective restraint. The scale-level content validity index （S-CVI） was 0.941， and the item-level content validity index （I-CVI） ranged from 0.812 to 1.000. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three common factors， and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 62.948%. The confirmatory factor yielded adequate fit. Cronbach's α coefficient was found to be 0.887 for the scale， 0.819 for knowledge dimension， 0.842 for attitude dimension， and 0.831 for practice dimension. The split-half reliability and test-retest reliability for the scale were 0.712 and 0.922， respectively. ConclusionThe scale shows satisfactory reliability and validity， which can be used to assess psychiatric nurses' knowledge， attitude and practice towards the use of protective restraint. ［Funded by Guangdong Clinical Teaching Base Teaching Reform Research Project （number， 2021JD119）］