The compressive strength of the original bone tissue was tested, based on the raw human thigh bone, bovine bone, pig bone and goat bone. The four different bone-like apatites were prepared by calcining the raw bones at 800 degrees C for 8 hours to remove organic components. The comparison of composition and structure of bone-like apatite from different bone sources was carried out with a composition and structure test. The results indicated that the compressive strength of goat bone was similar to that of human thigh bone, reached (135.00 +/- 7.84) MPa; Infrared spectrum (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis results showed that the bone-like apatite from goat bone was much closer to the structure and phase composition of bone-like apatite of human bones. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) test results showed that the content of trace elements of bone-like apatite from goat bone was closer to that of apatite of human bone. Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) results showed that the Ca/P value of bone-like apatite from goat bone was also close to that of human bone, ranged to 1.73 +/- 0.033. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) patterns indicated that the macrographs of the apatite from human bone and that of goat bone were much similar to each other. Considering all the results above, it could be concluded that the goat bone-like apatite is much similar to that of human bone. It can be used as a potential natural bioceramic material in terms of material properties.
Animals ; Apatites ; chemistry ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Bone Substitutes ; chemistry ; Bone and Bones ; physiology ; Cattle ; Compressive Strength ; Goats ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Swine ; X-Ray Diffraction

【Objective】 To investigate the serum levels of homocysteine (HCY) and cystatin C (Cys-C) in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV)associated renal injury, and to explore the diagnostic value of combined detection of HCY and Cys-C in ANCA-associated renal injury. 【Methods】 We selected 70 ANCA-positive patients with renal injury admitted to the Department of Nephrology in our hospital from January 2016 to January 2019. Another 48 patients with ANCA-positive but not complicated with renal injury were in simple ANCA positive group while 50 patients with physical examination who came to the hospital during the same period were in control group. Healthy patients served as the control group. By comparing the differences in the test results of different groups, the area under the curve (AUC) of each test index for ANCA-positive renal injury was determined, and the correlation and diagnostic value of combined detection of HCY and Cys-C for ANCA-related renal injury were calculated. 【Results】 The levels of HCY and Cys-C in the ANCA positive combined with renal injury group, the pure ANCA positive group, and the control group differed significantly (P<0.05). The positive rates of HCY and Cys-C in the two groups were significantly different (P<0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of HCY and Cys-C in combination for the diagnosis of ANCA-positive related renal injury were significantly higher than those of the above indicators alone (P<0.05). ROC curve results showed that HCY combined with Cys-C had a better diagnosis for patients with positive ANCA and associated renal injury and a higher correlation. 【Conclusion】 HCY combined with Cys-C is closely correlated to ANCA-related renal injury, and the combined detection has a positive effect on the diagnosis of patients with ANCA-positive related renal injury, and has guiding value for the treatment of patients.