With rapid and efficient drug release, few side effects and excellent biodegradable properties, the reduction-sensitive carriers is not only the new hot point in the field of pharmaceutical research, but also the most promising intelligent drug carrier on clinical application. This paper reviews the latest research of reduction-sensitive drug and gene carriers, including the mechanisms of drug release and the synthesis of the reduction-sensitive conjugates, reduction-sensitive nano polymer micelles, nano vesicles, nano hollow microspheres, nano liposomes, as well as the characteristics and advantages of various kinds of carrier system. It will provide a theoretical basis for its further application.

Objective To investigate the outcome of a new designed extramedullary femoral alignment system and to compare with conventional intramedullary system in clinical results.Methods Twenty consecutive patients (3 males and 17females with an average age of 70.1 (range,52-82 years old) with osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were treated with the extramedullary method between January 2015 to August 2015 and 20 consecutive patients (5 males and 15 females with an average age of 65.9 (range,52-87 years old) with OA or RA treated with conventional intramedullary method between April 2015 to September 2015 were studied.In extramedullary group,CT scan was used to evaluate the relation between the hip (femoral head) center and anterior superior iliac spine preoperatively.During the total knee arthroplasty,the hip joint center was defined according to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS).Knee joint center was defined as the center of the line connecting medial and lateral epicondyle.The terminal femoral bone cut plane was defined as the line between femoral and knee center.In intramedullary group,the traditional intramedullary method was adopted.The coronal and sagittal alignment,blood loss and drainage at one week postoperatively and the range of motion at one week,6 weeks and 3 months were evaluated.Results There was no significant difference in age,hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle,the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) Knee Score,BMI,operation time within the two groups.Blood loss and drainage in extramedullary group (121 ±64 ml and 181±149 ml) was significantly less than that in intramedullary group (177±47 ml and 292±156 ml).There was no significant difference in coronal alignment of the femoral prosthesis within the two groups (89.8°±2.1° v.s.89.8°±2.2°,P＞0.05).However,the two groups had significant difference in sagittal alignment (-0.8°±2.2° v.s.2.5°±2.1 °,P＜0.05).The alignment of extramedullary group had much more tendency in flexion degree.No difference was found in range of motion at 1 week,6 weeks and 3 months postoperatively (103.8°±7.8° v.s.102.5°±7.2°,108.5°±8.0° v.s.108.3°±7.4°,117.0°±7.1° v.s.114.5°±8.1°,P＞0.05).Conclusion The present designed extramedullary system is practical in total knee arthroplasty and has more accuracy in sagittal plane.The patients treated with extramedullary system have less blood loss and drainage and have similar range of motion in early stage after operation when compared with the intramedullary method.

Chlamydia psittaci is a causative agent of psittacosis,which can infect a wide range of hosts including birds and humans.However,information regarding C.psittaci infection in pigeons is scarce.In the present study,a total of 399 fecal samples from pigeons were collected from Jilin Province,northeastern China,between March and May 2015,and examined by nested PCR amplification of outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene.The overall Chlamydiosis prevalence was 5.01％ (21/399),with 3.19％ in Changchun City and 9.40％ in Jilin City.Furthermore,breed was the major risk factor associated with Chlamydia infection in pigeon,boiler pigeons had a prevalence of 7.49％,whereas no C.psittaci was detected in racing pigeons.Sequence analysis of the ompA gene revealed that all the identified isolates represented C.psittaci genotype B.Our results firstly indicated the presence of zoonotic C.psittaci in boiler pigeons in Jilin Province,northeastern China,and effective measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of C.psittaci transmission from pigeons to humans.

Objective:To explore the incidence and risk factors of preoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of elective total joint arthroplasty (TJA).Methods:Data of 500 patients before TJA from March 2015 to August 2016 who underwent ultrasound surveillance were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were divided into DVT group and non-DVT group according to results of ultrasound. Parameters including demographic data, basic medical history, and surgical information and laboratory indexes were collected. Risk factors were assessed via univariate, multivariate and logistic regression analysis.Results:Preoperative DVT was detected in 23 cases (4.6%, 23/500), all of which occurred in the intermuscular vein with no symptom, and among them there were 16 cases (5.6%, 16/285) before total knee arthroplasty and 7 cases (3.3%, 7/215) before total hip arthroplasty. Univariate analysis showed that age ( t=2.266, P=0.024), female patients ( χ2=4.028, P=0.045), history of hypertension ( χ2=7.907, P=0.005), D-dimer ≥0.5 μg/ml ( χ2=13.171, P < 0.001) were significantly higher than those in non-DVT group, and the differences were statistically significant. Multivariate analysis showed that D-dimer ≥0.5 μg/ml [ OR=6.655, 95% CI (1.929, 22.960), P=0.003] and history of hypertension [ OR=2.715, 95% CI (1.017, 7.250), P=0.046] were independent risk factors for preoperative DVT. Among them, the thrombus of 14 cases located in the operation side, 6 cases in non-operation side, and 3 cases in bilateral sides. Postoperative ultrasound showed that newly DVT occurred in 9 patients of whom 5 cases located in the contralateral muscular veins and 4 cases in the nearby muscular veins. After discharge, 22 patients (95.7%) with preoperative DVT were further evaluated by ultrasound. The average follow-up time was 3.0 months (range from 6 weeks to 9 months). The results showed that thrombus of 7 cases were completely dissolved, 13 cases were partially dissolved, and 2 cases remained unchanged. Thrombus extensions to proximal veins or symptomatic PE were not found. Conclusion:The incidence of preoperative DVT in patients with elective joint replacement was about 4.6%, among which D-dimer ≥0.5 μg/ml and history of hypertension were the risk factors for preoperative thrombosis.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after total joint arthroplasty.Methods 40 cases of proximal DVT were collected from May 2007 to October 2016 which were all diagnosed by lower limb venography or sonography.There were 9 males and 31 females aged from 38 to 86 years,average 67 years,and body mass index was from 16.94 to 31.25kg/m2,with an average of 24.3 kg/m2.29 cases of THA patients and 11 cases of TKA patients.The anatomical distribution,size,radiological performance,local physical findings were recorded and multivariable analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between distribution of proximal DVT and related parameters including age,gender (male/female),side of leg(left/right),surgery type(knee and hip),preoperative diagnosis(femoral neck fracture/other disease),time of diagnosis with DVT (during hospitalization/after discharge).Results Among 40 proximal DVT cases,31 cases diagnosed by phlebography and 9 cases were diagnosed by ultrasound.2 cases were isolated proximal DVT while 38 cases connected with distal DVTs.9 cases of blood clots in the proximal and distal thrombosis connected discontinuously.There was no isolated proximal DVT in TKA group and 10 cases (90.9％) of blood clots in the proximal and distal thrombosis connected continuously while there were 2 cases (6.9％) isolated proximal DVTs in THA group and 21 (77.8％) of blood clots in the proximal and distal thrombosis connected discontinuously,and there was no statistic significant difference between the two groups.The average length of proximal was 8.85±9.3 1cm (range from 2-35cm) with 5.0±2.05 cm in TKA group and 10.31 ± 10.55 cmin THA group.A significant difference was found between the 2 groups (P=0.014).13 cases located in femoral veins and upper venous region which were all from THA group.There was a significant difference in the distribution between surgery type and preoperative diagnosis.However,there was no significant difference between other potential factors and distribution of proximal DVT.25 cases accepted the evaluation of symptom of DVT before scanning.However,no significant difference were found in edema,VAS score,Homans sign,Neuof sign between 9 TKA and 16 THA cases.Conclusion Proximal DVTs after knee and hip arthroplasty are more preferred to connect with distal DVT continuously.Surgery type and preoperative diagnosis have a significant effect on the distribution of proximal DVT.Proximal DVTs in THA and patients with preoperative femoral neck fracture could be more easily involving femoral veins and upper parts.

Objective To find out if there is any difference in intercondylar fossa width and notch width index (NWI) between tibial intercondylar eminence avulsion fracture and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury.Methods A retrospective study was conducted of the patients who had sought medical attention at Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery,Drum Tower Hospital from June 2014 to May 2018.There were 10 patients with tibial intercondylar eminence avulsion fracture (4 males and 6 females with an average age of 32.7 ± 9.2 years),13 patients with ACL injury (8 males and 5 females with an average age of 31.8 ± 10.9 years) and 22 patients with simple meniscus injury as controls (13 males and 9 females with an average age of 30.9 ± 10.6 years).They all had MRI examination of the knee before surgery.The width of intercondylar fossa and the width and height of bilateral femoral condyles were measured on high resolution images of MRI axial view.NWI was calculated.The 3 groups were compared in intercondylar fossa width and NWI.Results The 3 groups of patients were comparable because there were no significant differences in gender,age,height,weight or BMI between them (P ＞ 0.05).The intercondylar fossa width in the ACL injury group (17.4 ± 3.5 mm) was significantly smaller than that in the avulsion fracture group (20.8 ± 1.1 mm) or in the control group (20.2 ±2.6 mm) (P ＜ 0.05),but no significant difference was detected between the avulsion fracture group and the control group (P ＞ 0.05).NWI in the avulsion fracture group (0.301 ±0.011) was similar to that in the control group (0.280 ±0.039) (P ＞ 0.05) but significantly higher than that in the ACL injury group (0.25 ± 0.05) (P ＜ 0.05).NWI in the ACL injury group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Intercondylar notch stenosis may be a risk factor for ACL injury but may not be associated with tibial intercondylar eminence avulsion fracture.The difference in pathogenesis between tibial intercondylar eminence avulsion fracture and ACL injury may be associated with their difference in NWI.

Objective To investigate the impact of overweight on the prognosis of patients with acute mild ischemic stroke or moderate-high risk transient ischemic attack(TIA).Methods A total of 366 patients with acute mild ischemic stroke or moderate-high risk TIA who carried CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles were included in the study.Baseline data were collected at admission,and clinical outcomes were collected within 3 months post-onset(primary outcomes:stroke recurrences within 3 months post-onset;secondary outcomes:composite outcome of stroke recurrence or death within 3 months post-onset,vascular events,and quality of life within 3 months).Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot the cumulative incidence curve of outcomes.Multivariate Cox proportional hazards mod-el and multivariate Logistic regression model were used to evaluate the relationship between over-weight and clinical outcomes within 3 months post-onset in patientswith ischemic stroke or TIA.The integrated discrimination improvement index(IDI)and net reclassification improvement index(NRI)were calculated to assess the predictive value of adding body mass index(BMI,whether o-verweight or not)based on traditional models for predicting the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke or TIA.Results After 3 months of follow-up,28 patients had stroke recurrence,1 patient died,and 31 patients had vascular events.The Kaplan-Meier cumulative incidence curve showed that the cu-mulative incidences of stroke recurrence,stroke recurrence or death,and vascular events after 3 months of onset were lower in overweight patients compared with non-overweight patients(Log-rank P＜0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that compared with non-overweight patients,overweight pa-tients had significantly reduced risks of stroke recurrence within 3 months(HR=0.24;95％CI,0.08 to 0.71),composite outcome of stroke recurrence or death(HR=0.24;95％CI,0.08 to 0.69),and vascular events(HR=0.22;95％CI,0.07 to 0.63),and significantly improved qual-ity of life within 3 months(OR=0.39;95％CI,0.20 to 0.76).The IDI and NRI calculations showed that compared with traditional models,the new model adding BMI(whether overweight)had significantly improved predictive ability for the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke or TIA.Conclu-sion Overweight may be a protective factor for the prognosis of TIA patients with acute mild ische-mic stroke or moderate-high risk who carry CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles.Compared with non-o-verweight patients,overweight patients have reduced risks of stroke recurrence,composite outcome of stroke recurrence or death,and vascular events within 3 months post-onset,and improved quality of life within 3 months post-onset.

Objective To investigate the impact of overweight on the prognosis of patients with acute mild ischemic stroke or moderate-high risk transient ischemic attack(TIA).Methods A total of 366 patients with acute mild ischemic stroke or moderate-high risk TIA who carried CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles were included in the study.Baseline data were collected at admission,and clinical outcomes were collected within 3 months post-onset(primary outcomes:stroke recurrences within 3 months post-onset;secondary outcomes:composite outcome of stroke recurrence or death within 3 months post-onset,vascular events,and quality of life within 3 months).Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot the cumulative incidence curve of outcomes.Multivariate Cox proportional hazards mod-el and multivariate Logistic regression model were used to evaluate the relationship between over-weight and clinical outcomes within 3 months post-onset in patientswith ischemic stroke or TIA.The integrated discrimination improvement index(IDI)and net reclassification improvement index(NRI)were calculated to assess the predictive value of adding body mass index(BMI,whether o-verweight or not)based on traditional models for predicting the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke or TIA.Results After 3 months of follow-up,28 patients had stroke recurrence,1 patient died,and 31 patients had vascular events.The Kaplan-Meier cumulative incidence curve showed that the cu-mulative incidences of stroke recurrence,stroke recurrence or death,and vascular events after 3 months of onset were lower in overweight patients compared with non-overweight patients(Log-rank P＜0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that compared with non-overweight patients,overweight pa-tients had significantly reduced risks of stroke recurrence within 3 months(HR=0.24;95％CI,0.08 to 0.71),composite outcome of stroke recurrence or death(HR=0.24;95％CI,0.08 to 0.69),and vascular events(HR=0.22;95％CI,0.07 to 0.63),and significantly improved qual-ity of life within 3 months(OR=0.39;95％CI,0.20 to 0.76).The IDI and NRI calculations showed that compared with traditional models,the new model adding BMI(whether overweight)had significantly improved predictive ability for the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke or TIA.Conclu-sion Overweight may be a protective factor for the prognosis of TIA patients with acute mild ische-mic stroke or moderate-high risk who carry CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles.Compared with non-o-verweight patients,overweight patients have reduced risks of stroke recurrence,composite outcome of stroke recurrence or death,and vascular events within 3 months post-onset,and improved quality of life within 3 months post-onset.

Background: and Purpose Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), which represents the total cholesterol content of all pro-atherogenic lipoproteins, has recently been included as a new target for lipid-lowering therapy in high-risk atherosclerotic patients in multiple guidelines. Herein, we aimed to explore the relationship between non-HDL-C level and the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor-aspirin versus clopidogrel-aspirin in preventing stroke recurrence. Methods: This study comprised a post hoc analysis of the CHANCE-2 (Ticagrelor or Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events II) trial, from which 5,901 patients with complete data on non-HDL-C were included and categorized by median non-HDL-C levels, using a cutoff of 3.5 mmol/L. The primary efficacy and safety outcomes were recurrent stroke and severe or moderate bleeding within 90 days. Results: Ticagrelor-aspirin significantly reduced the risk of recurrent stroke in patients with low non-HDL-C (71 [4.8%] vs. 119 [7.7%]; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40–0.74), but not in those with high non-HDL-C (107 [7.3%] vs. 108 [7.6%]; adjusted HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.67–1.16), compared with clopidogrel-aspirin (P for interaction=0.010). When analyzed as a continuous variable, the benefit of ticagrelor-aspirin for recurrent stroke decreased as non-HDL-C levels increased. No significant differences in the treatment assignments across the non-HDL-C groups were observed in terms of the rate of severe or moderate bleeding (5 [0.3%] vs. 8 [0.5%] in the low non-HDL-C group; 4 [0.3%] vs. 2 [0.1%] in the high non-HDL-C group; P for interaction=0.425). Conclusion CHANCE-2 participants with low non-HDL-C levels received more clinical benefit from ticagrelor-aspirin versus clopidogrel-aspirin compared to those with high non-HDL-C, following minor ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of anticoagulant therapy for acute proximal deep vein thrombosis without inferior vena cava filter placement for femoral neck patients before hip arthroplasty.Methods From January 2013 to August 2017,9 femoral neck fractures patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis before hip arthroplasty were enrolled into this study.There were 3 men and 6 women.The average age was 76.44±5.39 years old (range,69 to 83 years old).The average injured time before admission was 4.00±4.06 days.All patients received anticoagulant therapy without placement of inferior vena cava filter before hip arthroplasty.Four patients received Rivaroxaban 10mg,two times per day,while two patients received Enoxaparin 0.4 ml,two times per day;3 cases received Batroxobin 0.5 ml,every other day combined with Rivaroxaban 10 mg one time per day or Enoxaparin 0.4 ml,one time per day.The size of thrombus before and after treatment,changes of coagulation markers,the outcome of thrombosis before surgery,during surgery,postoperatively and during follow-up,the related complications were recorded.Results The diagnosis time for proximal DVT was 3.89±3.01 days after admission.8 patients showed proximal DVT combined with distal thrombus and 1 patient showed isolated proximal DVT.The average length of proximal thrombus was 10.78±6.10 cm (range,4.0-20.0 cm).The mean duration of treatment was 14.22±7.03 days.The results showed 5 proximal DVTs have complete disappeared,3 cases significantly improved,and 1 case had no change but showed stable.After treatment,the length of the proximal thrombus was significantly decreased (10.77±6.10 cm vs.4.39±6.50 cm),there were statistically significant between two groups (t=3.429,P=0.009);D-dimer was significantly lower after treatment (10.47±4.87 μg/ml vs.2.59± 1.60 μg/ml) with statistical difference (t=4.970,P=O.O01).However,no statistical significance was found in other coagulation parameters such as plasma prothrombin time,the international normalized ratio,activated partial thromboplastin time,thrombin time,fibrinogen.Incision exudate occurred in one patient and anticoagulant therapy was paused,however,two days later,DVT recurred and then the patient received continuous therapy with drug anticoagulation.The average time for postoperative follow-up was 8.3±7.6 months.At the latest follow-up,4 cases had thoroughly recovered with the thrombi fully resolved;4 cases had significantly improved including three thrombi partly locating in the muscular veins and one partly locating in the infra-popliteal vein.One case became more severe after discharge and received continuous anticoagulant therapy.No death,symptomatic pulmonary embolism,bleeding and other adverse events occurred.Conclusion Inferior vena cava filter placement for femoral neck fracture patients with acute proximal venous thrombosis before hip arthroplasty may not be potent.Anticoagulant therapy which make the proximal thrombus completely dissolved or stabilized before surgery may be effective.