Objective To develop a spatio-temporal model of mountainous Oncomelania hupensis snails based on the Bayes-ian model,and to analyze and identify the spatio-temporal pattern at a village scale. Methods The data including the intensity and spatial distribution of live and infected snails from 2000 to 2006 and the village boundary were collected. The independent and interactive spatio-temporal models were established,and then the best fitness model was selected to analyze the spatio-temporal pattern of live and infected snails. Results The interactive model of live snails and the independent model of infected snails were relative fitness models,and the models showed 95%CI(confidence interval)of the spatial and temporal coefficient included ze-ro,and indicated that the spatial and temporal correlation of live and infected snails was not significant at a village scale. Conclu-sion There is no significant spatial and temporal correlation of live and infected mountainous snails at a village scale,and the fur-thermore study should be carried out at a small scale.

Small scale restricted online course (SPOCs)+flipped classroomteaching is expected to become an important complement to the traditional teaching of dermatology. In this teaching mode, first of all knowledge nodes are divided separately according to the syllabus and for each node, 7 to 10 minutes of micro video or micro-lecture is made, which enables students to make best use of fragmented time through the network to master relevant knowledge independently before the trainee. In the flipped classroom, based on the difficulties and misunderstandings of learning reflected from the network monitor data, teacher can make full use of time on demonstrating typical cases, organizing discussion, grouping students to take diag-nostic and therapeutic exercise, answering targeted questions, teaching clinical thinking, experience and doctor-patient communication skills. Through this teaching mode, the new teaching idea can be imple-mented that students are in dominant position while teachers are in leading position, which contributes to deepening the understanding , absorption and application of knowledge and improving students' ability of communication, cooperation, diagnosis and treatment.

A simple and rapid assay for the detection of Classical swine fever virus(CSFV)was established using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification(RT-LAMP).This study describes the amplification of the genomic RNA of CSFV under isothermal conditions(63℃)within one hour,using a set of six primers(two outer primers,two inner primers and two loop primers).This RT-LAMP assay showed 100-fold higher sensitivity than the standard RT-PCR method and identified eighteen additional positive cases that were negative when tested by RT-PCR.This RT-LAMP was able to detect all the 13 strains of CSFV but not the BVDV.PRRSV.SIV.PRV-PCV,thus showed a good specificity.Products amplified by RT-LAMP can be visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis and in addition,either as a white precipitate at the bottom of the tube after a pulse spin or as a color change when dyed with SYBR Green I which are visible to the naked eye.Because RT-LAMP is low-cost and produces rapid results,it has the potential to be an excellent tool for CSFV surveillance in the field,especially in developing countries.

Objective:To explore whether sleep quality suffers in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease(AD)and mild cognitive impairment(MCI), and to further investigate the correlation between sleep disorders and cognitive function in these patients.Methods:In this study, 30 mild AD patients, 39 MCI patients and 43 demographically matched healthy controls were enrolled.Sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh sleep quality index(PSQI), and cognitive function was assessed by the mini-mental state examination(MMSE), the Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA)and a set of neuropsychological scales.The correlation of sleep quality with cognitive function was analyzed for the three groups.Results:Differences were significant in sleep time score[0.0(1.0), 1.0(2.0) vs.1.0(1.0), F=8.18, P=0.02]and daytime function score[1.0(1.0), 1.0(1.0) vs.0.0(1.0), F=8.73, P=0.01]between mild AD, MCI and health control groups.Spearman correlation analysis suggested that scores of sleep disorders were negatively correlated with DSB( r=-0.43, P=0.02)and scores of daytime function were positively correlated with ADL( r=0.39, P=0.03)in patients with mild AD.In addition, scores of sleep quality were negatively correlated with the DSB score( r=-0.40, P=0.01), scores of sleep disorders were positively correlated with ADL( r=0.45, P<0.01), scores of daytime function were negatively correlated with DSF( r=-0.42, P=0.01), DSB( r=-0.62, P<0.01)and VFT-S( r=-0.33, P=0.04), and the total PSQI score was negatively correlated with DSF( r=-0.45, P=0.01)and DSB( r=-0.44, P=0.01)in the MCI group. Conclusions:Patients with mild AD and MCI have longer sleep time and impaired daytime function than healthy people, and sleep quality is correlated with memory, attention and daily living ability in patients with mild AD and MCI.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of D-AP5 (D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate, a specific NMDA-antagonist) on the increase of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) induced by glutamate in isolated cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs), and to detect the autoreceptors of the IHC membrane.

METHODSWhen a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) was used, the exogenous glutamate (Glu)-induced changes in [Ca2+]i of isolated IHCs and OHCs of guinea pig cochlea were observed with fluo-3, a fluorescent probe for [Ca2+]i. After D-AP5 or CNQX (6--cyano--7--nitroguinoxaline--2, 3--dione, a specific AMPA- antagonist) was administered, the exogenous glutamate (Glu)-induced changes in [Ca2+]i of isolated IHCs were recorded.

RESULTSIn the presence of a low concentration Glu (3.85 mumol/L), there was an increase of [Ca2+]i in IHCs, whereas there was no change in OHCs. When 50 mumol/L of D-AP5 was administrated in advance, Glu did not induce a corresponding increase in [Ca2+]i in IHCs, and 50 mumol/L of CNQX did not completely block the increase of [Ca2+]i in IHCs.

CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that the autoreceptors existing in the IHC membrane are mainly of NMDA type, while there are relatively few AMPA receptors. Exogenous Glu is capable of increasing [Ca2+]i in IHCs by acting on the NMDA autoreceptor of IHCs in a positive feedback manner.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate ; pharmacology ; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ; pharmacology ; Glutamic Acid ; pharmacology ; Guinea Pigs ; Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner ; drug effects ; metabolism ; In Vitro Techniques ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; antagonists & inhibitors

According to the requirement of the national assessment for achieving the infection control criteria, 42 villages (among them,25 villages belonged to the first stratum, and 17 villages belonged to the second stratum) in 14 counties from 5 provinces, including Hunnan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui and Yunnan, were selected as sampling villages for the assessment.The results from the field assessment showed that 154 out of 9 067 people were found infected with Sckistosoma japonicum, with an average infection rate of 1.7% ranged from 0.31 % to 4.10% , and only Yongping Village from Weishan County and Tenglong Village from Eryuan County were not found any case. A total of 46 out of 3 323 head of cattle were infected with S. japonicum, with an average infection rate of 1.38% ranged from 0.26% to 3.79% , and no any infected individual detected in Nanling County. No outbreak occurred in those sampling villages. Therefore, it is indicated that the five sampling provinces have reached the national criteria on infection control of schistosomiasis.

Objective:To investigate the influence of perioperative probiotics supplement on short-term clinical outcomes in gastric cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with radical gastrectomy.Methods:The prospective randomized controlled study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 80 patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with radical gastrectomy in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from July 2020 to September 2021 were selected. Based on random number table, patients were allocated into two groups. Patients undergoing perioperative probiotics supplement were allocated into the experiment group, and patients undergoing perioperative conventional treatment were allocated into the control group, respectively. Observation indicators: (1) grouping situations of the enrolled patients; (2) intraoperative situations; (3) follow-up and postoperative situations; (4) inflammation related hematological indexes. Follow-up was conducted using telephone interview and outpatient examina-tion to detect postoperative complications and startup of adjuvant chemotherapy up to October 31,2021. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the independent sample t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range), and comparison between groups was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers, and comparison between groups was performed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Comparison of ordinal data was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Repeated measurement data were analyzed by the repeated ANOVA or generalized estimating equation. Results:(1) Grouping situations of the enrolled patients. A total of 80 patients were selected for eligibility. There were 51 males and 29 females, aged 64(42-80)years. Of the 80 patients, there were 40 patients in the experiment group and 40 patients in the control group, respectively. (2) Intraoperative situations. All patients in the experiment group and the control group underwent radical gastrectomy successfully. Cases with yield pathologic TNM (ypTNM) stage 0, stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲ after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, cases undergoing laparoscopic radical gastrectomy or Da Vinci robotic radical gastrectomy, the operation time, the volume of intraoperative blood loss, cases undergoing digestive tract recons-truction as Billroth Ⅱ anastomosis or Roux-en-Y anastomosis were 2, 7, 15, 13, 19, 21,205(180-240)minutes, 50(30-60)mL, 6, 34 in the experiment group, versus 4, 6, 12, 16, 23, 17, 218(190-251)minutes, 50(43-60)mL, 11, 29 in the control group, showing no significant difference in the above indicators between the two groups ( U=683.00, χ2=0.80, U=668.00, 681.00, χ2=1.87, P>0.05). (3) Follow-up and postoperative situations. All the 80 patients were followed up for 1 month after surgery. Cases with postoperative infectious complications were 6 in the experiment group, versus 15 in the control group, showing a significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=5.23, P<0.05). The application of antimicrobial agent, time to postoperative first flatus, time to postoperative first defecation, time to tolerance of solid food, duration of postoperative hospital stay, time to postopera-tive startup of adjuvant chemotherapy were 3(3-6)doses, 53(49-66)hours, 72(62-82)hours, (72±18)hours, 6.0(5.5-7.0)days, 26.0(25.0-28.0)days in the experiment group, versus 6(3-10)doses, 66(60-88)hours, 94(82-112)hours, (107±23)hours, 7.0(6.4-8.3)days, 30.0(28.0-33.0)days in the control group, showing significant differences in the above indicators between the two groups ( U=471.50, 432.00, 343.50, t=-7.62, U=411.50, 319.50, P<0.05). (4) Inflam-mation related hematological indexes. ① The white blood cell counts before surgery and at postoperative day 1, 3, 5 were (5.6±1.4)×10 9/L, (9.9±3.2)×10 9/L, (7.7±2.6)×10 9/L, (6.8±1.8)×10 9/L in the experiment group, versus (6.1±1.9)×10 9/L, (12.3±2.9)×10 9/L, (9.7±3.6)×10 9/L, (7.8±2.7)×10 9/L in the control group, meeting the mauchly′s test of sphericity ( χ2=4.17, P>0.05). Results of intrasubject effect test showed that there were significant differences in the time effect, intervention effect and interaction effect of white blood cell counts between the two groups ( F=106.61, 10.45, 4.56, P<0.05). ② The neutrophilic granulocyte percentages before surgery and at postoperative day 1, 3, 5 were 55%±10%, 76%±11%, 73%±9%, 69%±9% in the experiment group, versus 56%±9%, 84%±5%, 79%±8%, 74%±9% in the control group, not meeting the mauchly′s test of sphericity ( χ2=16.63, P<0.05). Results of multi-variate test showed that there were significant differences in the time effect, intervention effect and interaction effect of neutrophilic granulocyte percentages between the two groups ( F=92.42, 11.46, 5.55, P<0.05). ③ The levels of C-reactive protein before surgery and at postoperative day 1, 3, 5 were 1.35(1.15-1.97)mg/L, 14.94(8.24-21.22)mg/L, 33.39(13.02-66.02)mg/L, 18.36(8.27-60.43)mg/L in the experiment group, versus 1.62(0.97-2.27)mg/L, 24.03(10.42-36.52)mg/L, 81.66(31.20-116.76)mg/L, 46.84(28.30-80.26)mg/L in the control group, not meeting the normal distribution. Results of generalized estimation equation test showed that there were significant differences in the time effect, intervention effect and interaction effect of levels of C-reactive protein between the two groups ( Waldχ2=145.74, 9.48, 9.90, P<0.05). ④ The levels of procalcitonin before surgery and at postoperative day 1, 3, 5 were 0.02(0.02-0.04)μg/L, 0.08(0.06-0.12)μg/L, 0.12(0.07-0.21)μg/L, 0.09(0.06-0.15)μg/L in the experiment group, versus 0.02(0.02-0.04)μg/L, 0.14(0.07-0.71)μg/L, 0.35(0.14-0.71)μg/L, 0.24(0.10-0.48)μg/L in the control group, not meeting the normal distribution. Results of generalized estimation equation test showed that there were signifi-cant differences in the time effect, intervention effect and interaction effect of levels of procalcitonin between the two groups ( Waldχ2=62.88, 14.71, 18.33, P<0.05). Conclusion:Perioperative supple-ment of probiotics can reduce the incidence of postoperative infectious com-plications and the application of antimicrobial agent, promote recovery of gastrointestinal function, reduce the level of inflammation related indexes, shorten the duration of postoperative hospital stay and the time to postoperative startup of chemotherapy in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with radical gastrectomy.

Objective To explore whether the ability of intertemporal choice is impaired in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Methods Twenty-seven patients with mild cognitive impairment and thirty-five healthy controls were recruited in this study. All subjects completed the " delay-discounting" task and the delayed discount rate (K value) was used to evaluate the patients' decision-making ability. Results (1) The delay discount rate(median=0. 0256,P25=0. 016,P75=0. 100) in mild cognitive impairment patients was higher than that of healthy cotrols(median =0. 006,P25=0. 0025,P75=0. 016). There was significant difference in K-value between the two groups ( Z=-2. 988,P<0. 01). ( 2) Spearman correlation analysis showed that the significant negatively correlation between K-value and digital span forward test (r=-0. 389, P=0. 045) in mild cognitive impairment group. Conclusion The ability of intertemporal choices is impaired in patients with mild cognitive impairment and negatively correlated with attention function.

Objective:To explore the effect of visual processing patterns on emotional face processing in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods:From June 2020 to August 2021, twenty-two AD patients (AD group) who met the conditions of this study were selected from the memory impairment clinic of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and demographically matched twenty-one elderly healthy people (control group) were selected from the patients' family members and community residents. The two groups of subjects performed emotional face visual scanning and facial recognition experiments after completing the evaluation of the cognitive scale and eye movement data were recorded in the emotional face visual scanning task. Statistical analysis of the obtained results was performed using SPSS 23.0 Windows version software. The data that conformed to the normal distribution were tested by independent samples t-test and variance analysis, and the data that did not conform to the normal distribution were tested by nonparametric test. Results:(1)In the emotional face recognition task, the total accuracy of facial emotion recognition of AD patients(0.52(0.42, 0.59)) was lower than that of the normal control group(0.67(0.64, 0.69)), and the difference was statistically significant( Z=-4.023, P<0.01), which was mainly manifested in recognizing complex facial emotion. (2) In the emotional face visual processing task, the saccade count ((1.96±0.97), (2.50±0.44)), fixation count ((3.93±2.58), (6.37±2.08))and fixation time ((1 205.89±727.32)s, (1 761.38±525.54)s)of AD patients were lower than those of the control group( t=-2.314, -3.402, -2.880, all P<0.05), and the surrounding facial fixation time (384.95 (276.51, 587.78)s, 276.06 (190.03, 384.55)s) was higher than that of the control group( Z=-2.478, P=0.013). Patients with AD had a lower fixation count than that in the control group on the eye area of surprise ((3.76±2.90), (6.25±2.19)), anger ((4.48±2.72), (7.06±2.55)) and disgust ((4.10±2.45), (6.67±2.45)), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=-3.164, -3.207, -3.436, all P<0.05). Patients with AD had a lower fixation time than those of the control group on the eye area of surprise ((1 150.26±753.22)s, (1 779.91±551.66)s), angry ((1 430.85±869.52)s, (1 944.51±612.63)s) and disgust ((1 266.14±765.67)s, (1 898.33±676.02)s), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=-3.115, -2.247, -2.865, all P<0.05). (3) Spearman correlation analysis showed that the accuracy of overall emotional face recognition was positively correlated with the fixation time in the eye area in AD patients ( r=0.429, P<0.05). Conclusion:The impaired visual processing of AD patients causes emotional face recognition disorders. Therefore, AD patients have different visual processing patterns in emotional face processing than age-matched normal controls, mainly manifested as the decreased fixation on the eye area.

Objective To investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Chuan Xiong Rhizoma(CR)on brain metastasis of melanoma B16F10 cells in mice.Methods C57BL/6J mouse models of brain metastasis of melanoma were established by ultrasound-guided intraventricular injection of Luc-labeled B16F10 cells,and brain tumor growth was monitored by in vivo imaging.The mouse models were then randomized for daily gavage of saline or aqueous extract of CR(equivalent crude drug concentration of 1 mg/g).Behavioral tests were used to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of CR in the tumor-bearing mice,and the changes in proteins associated with blood-brain barrier integrity,neuronal cell proliferation and apoptosis,and microglial cell apoptosis and activation were observed using immunofluorescence assay.The efficacy of CR combined with temozolomide(25 mg/kg)against brain metastases of B16F10 cells was observed by in vivo imaging.Results CR-treated mouse models did not show obvious progression of brain metastases and had a reduced rate of body weight loss and lowered protein expressions of ZO-1,claudin-5,occludin,P-gp,TNF-α,AQP4 and PDGFRβ.In the behavioral tests,the CR-treated mice showed prolonged stay on the wooden stick with a shortened time of sticky stick removal.Immunofluorescence assay showed increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis of neuronal cells and microglia in CR-treated mice.CR treatment significantly increased the levels of CD86,CD206,IL-4 and IL-10 and decreased the levels of CD163 and IL-1β in the microenvironment of brain metastases.The mice receiving combined treatments with CR and temozolomide showed significantly lower intensity of fluorescent signals in the brain than those treated with temozolomide alone.Conclusion CR does not promote brain metastasis of melanoma while inducing opening of the blood-brain barrier,and its combined use with TMZ results in enhanced inhibition against brain metastasis of melanoma B16F10 cells in mice.