ObjectiveTo compare the differences in color， odor， coumarin content and microbial community composition of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix（ADR） during different drying processes， and to explore the correlation between changes in microbial community composition and changes in quality indexes of ADR. MethodsThe fresh ADR was processed at three drying temperatures（50， 70， 100 ℃） by drying and steaming cutting， semi-fresh cutting and drying， fresh cutting and drying， and sulfur fumigation methods. The color values of samples were extracted by Adobe Photoshop 2022 software and subjected to principal component analysis（PCA）， electronic nose was used to identify the odor information of medicinal powders and subjected to loadings analysis， PCA， and linear discriminant analysis（LDA）， and high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） was used to determine the contents of five coumarins（bergapten， oxypeucedanin， imperatorin， phellopterin， isoimperatorin）. The samples for microbial detection were taken from fresh dried samples， 50 ℃（dried and steamed cut， sulfur fumigated） samples， and 100 ℃（dried and steamed cut） samples when the water content was 50% and 14%， respectively. And the changes of microbial community composition during processing were determined by high-throughput sequencing method. The relationship between the changes of microbial community composition and the changes of odor， color and active component content of ADR during drying process was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. ResultsThe color quantification results showed that an increase in drying temperature led to the decrease of brightness value（L）， and the increases of red-green value（a） and yellow-blue value（b）， and the change of processing method had no obvious effect on the color of medicinal materials. The results of odor quantification showed that W1S， W2S， W5S， W2W and W1W sensor were sensitive to the odor changes of ADR and could be used to distinguish ADR decoction pieces from different processing methods. The results of HPLC showed that the coumarin content of ADR decreased with the increase of drying temperature and the delay of processing time， the optimal processing method was drying and steaming cutting method， and the optimal temperature was 50 ℃. High-throughput sequencing results showed that the dominant bacteria in ADR during processing were Achromobacter， Agrobacterium， Nocardioides， Mycobacterium and Enterobacter， the dominant fungi were Coprinopsis， Meyerozyma and Apiotrichum. The results of correlation analysis showed that the quality indexes of ADR were positively correlated with Agrobacterium， Mycobacterium in bacteria， Candida in fungi， and negatively correlated with Bacillus in bacteria. ConclusionThere are significant differences in the color， odor， coumarin content and microbial community composition of ADR in different drying processes， and the best drying method is drying and steaming cutting at 50 ℃. The relative abundance changes of 9 bacterial genera and 4 fungal genera are closely related to the quality formation of ADR during the drying process.

BACKGROUND: Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is indicated as a broad-spectrum medicine for a variety of diseases, including cancer and cardiac disease. While the role of ATO in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (HIRI) has not been reported. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify the effects of ATO on HIRI. METHODS: In the present study, we established a 70% hepatic warm I/R injury and partial hepatectomy (30% resection) animal models in vivo and hepatocytes anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) models in vitro with ATO pretreatment and further assessed liver function by histopathologic changes, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cell counting kit-8, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 was transfected to evaluate the role of ERK1/2 pathway during HIRI, followed by ATO pretreatment. The dynamic process of autophagic flux and numbers of autophagosomes were detected by green fluorescent protein-monomeric red fluorescent protein-LC3 (GFP-mRFP-LC3) staining and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: A low dose of ATO (0.75 μmol/L in vitro and 1 mg/kg in vivo ) significantly reduced tissue necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and hepatocyte apoptosis during the process of hepatic I/R. Meanwhile, ATO obviously promoted the ability of cell proliferation and liver regeneration. Mechanistically, in vitro  studies have shown that nontoxic concentrations of ATO can activate both ERK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-serine/threonine kinase (PI3K-AKT) pathways and further induce autophagy. The hepatoprotective mechanism of ATO, at least in part, relies on the effects of ATO on the activation of autophagy, which is ERK-dependent. CONCLUSION Low, non-toxic doses of ATO can activate ERK/PI3K-AKT pathways and induce ERK-dependent autophagy in hepatocytes, protecting liver against I/R injury and accelerating hepatocyte regeneration after partial hepatectomy.
Animals ; Arsenic Trioxide ; Autophagy/physiology* ; Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control* ; Mice ; Male ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/physiology* ; Arsenicals/therapeutic use* ; Oxides/therapeutic use* ; Liver/metabolism* ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and analyze the risk factors of patients with acute dichlorvos poisoning combined with shock.Methods:The clinical data of patients with acute dichlorvos poisoning admitted to the Peking University Third Hospital and the Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital between January 2019 and September 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, and demographic data, poisoning, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, therapeutic measures and clinical outcomes were collected to establish a clinical database. The patients were divided into two groups: the shock group and the non-shock group, and the clinical data were compared between the two groups to analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of shock in acute dichlorvos poisoning, and the risk factors of shock in acute dichlorvos poisoning were analyzed by logistic regression.Results:A total of 134 patients who met the criteria for acute dichlorvos poisoning were included in this study; the incidence of shock within 24 hours of admission was 39.6% (53/134), and 11 patients (8.21%) died in hospital; the in-hospital morbidity and mortality rate of patients in the shock group was higher than that in the non-shock group (20.8% vs. 0.0%, P<0.001). Symptoms of sphincter relaxation, coma, hypothermia, and organ function damage were more common in the shock group than in the non-shock group; and shock patients had longer hospitalization, ICU stay, and invasive ventilator use. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of sphincter relaxation manifestations ( OR=10.888, 95% CI: 1.677-70.684, P=0.012) was an independent risk factor for comorbid shock in patients with acute dichlorvos poisoning, and the use of cholinesterase reanimators ( OR=0.246, 95% CI: 0.072-0.846, P=0.026) was a protective factor for combined shock in patients with acute dichlorvos poisoning. Conclusions:The incidence of shock in patients with acute dichlorvos poisoning is high and affects the clinical prognosis, and the presence of sphincter relaxation and the absence of cholinesterase reenergizers are independent risk factors for combined shock in patients with acute dichlorvos poisoning.

Objective:To conduct a scoping review to analyse the types, performance, advantages and disadvantages of cognitive function assessment tools for ICU patients, to provide a reference for the evaluation of cognitive function in ICU patients in future.Methods:A scoping review study was conducted, literature on cognitive function assessment tools for ICU patients in 9 domestic and foreign databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, VIP Database, China Biology Medicine disc, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase and CINAHL were systematically searched. The search period was from the establishment of the database to May 20, 2024. Literature was independently screened by 2 researchers and relevant information was extracted and summarized.Results:Totally 17 studies were included, with 9 tools for assessing cognitive function in ICU patients, including 6 questionnaires, 1 test battery, 1 assessment software, and 1 telephone interview questionnaire. All of above were generalizable tools, except for the Chinese and English versions of the John-Hopkins Adapted Cognitive Exam as ICU-specific tools. The Mini-Mental State Examination was the most widely used assessment scale.Conclusions:Appropriate assessment tools should be selected according to the specific clinical setting, but there is still a lack of specialized and standardized assessment tools for cognitive dysfunction in ICU patients. In the future, standardized tools which fit our cultural context for evaluating cognitive function in ICU patients should be developed.

Sepsis is a heterogeneous syndrome.It is caused by infections,attributing to immune dysfunction pathologically.The disease is characterized by macrophage-mediated inflammation and immune response throughout its development.During septic development,macrophages metabolize crucially with glycolysis remarkably enhanced.The glycolystic enhancement facilitates septic development by promoting the inflammatory response of macrophages and altering their phenotype.Therefore,direct or indirect inhibition of macrophagic glycolysis can alleviate sepsis and neutralize damages to organs functionally,promoting the polarization of anti-inflammatory phenotype.In this review,we aim to investigate the relationship between macrophagic glycolysis and sepsis,focusing on researching into relevant molecular mechanisms by which glycolysis is regulated for treating sepsis.It is concluded that interfer-ing with macrophagic glycolysis may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating sepsis.

This paper reports a case of reparing the tissue defect after resection of a malignant tumor in the glabellar nasion with bilateral modified horizontal advancement flaps. The patient, a 20-year-old female, was admitted to the hospital because of a mass on the nasion between the eyebrows for more than 5 years, with enlargement and ulceration for 5 months. Surgical resection of the tumor was performed. Intraoperative rapid frozen sections showed that the tumor was basal cell carcinoma, and there were no cancer cells at the margins. Bilateral modified horizontal advancement flap repair was performed. At three months after the operation, the incision area healed well, the appearance and eyelid function were normal, and there was no sign of recurrence of basal cell carcinoma. Bilateral modified horizontal advancement flap was effective in repairing the tissue defect after resection of glabellar nasal root basal cell carcinoma.

This paper reports a case of reparing the tissue defect after resection of a malignant tumor in the glabellar nasion with bilateral modified horizontal advancement flaps. The patient, a 20-year-old female, was admitted to the hospital because of a mass on the nasion between the eyebrows for more than 5 years, with enlargement and ulceration for 5 months. Surgical resection of the tumor was performed. Intraoperative rapid frozen sections showed that the tumor was basal cell carcinoma, and there were no cancer cells at the margins. Bilateral modified horizontal advancement flap repair was performed. At three months after the operation, the incision area healed well, the appearance and eyelid function were normal, and there was no sign of recurrence of basal cell carcinoma. Bilateral modified horizontal advancement flap was effective in repairing the tissue defect after resection of glabellar nasal root basal cell carcinoma.

Objective:To investigate the effects of 30% ethanol elution fraction of Artemisia absinthium extract with macroporous resin (AAEM-30%) on the dendritic cell (DC) and immunity of mice. Methods:AAEM-30% was obtained from the alcoholic extracts of A. absinthium by AB-8 macroporous resin, and its polysaccharide, flavonoid, and terpenoid contents were determined. The expressions of AAEM-30% on DC surface molecular cluster of differentiation (CD) 40, CD80 and CD86 were detected in vitro by flow cytometry, and the expressions of DC cytokines IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of AAEM-30% on the immune function of ICR mice was measured in vivo with different doses (50 and 100 mg/kg) and different administration methods (subcutaneous injection, intraperitoneal injection, and gavage). Results:The contents of polysaccharides, flavonoids, and terpenoids in AAEM-30% were 24.30%, 22.50% and 28.19%, respectively. AAEM-30% significantly enhanced the expression of CD40, and CD86 and the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α (all P<0.001). Compared with the control group, no statistically significant differences were found in the body mass of mice compared with the three administration methods (all P>0.05). The thymus index in the 50 and 100 mg/kg AAEM-30% intraperitoneal injection groups and the spleen index in the 50 mg/kg AAEM-30% gavage group were increased (all P<0.05). CD19 + cells increased in the 100 mg/kg AAEM-30% intraperitoneal injection group ( P<0.01) and in the 50 mg/kg AAEM-30% gavage group ( P<0.05). The CD11b + and CD11c + counts increased in the 100 mg/kg AAEM-30% gavage group ( P<0.05). The number of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes was increased by both gavage and intraperitoneal administration (all P<0.05). Conclusions:AAEM-30% can promote the maturation of DC and enhanced the immunity of mice without obvious side effects.

Biapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic， and can be used for the treatment of sepsis， pneumonia， lung abscess， chronic respiratory lesions secondary infection， complex urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis， etc. This article reviewed the studies on the pharmacokinetics， pharmacodynamics and therapeutic drug monitoring （TDM） of biapenem. The pharmacokinetic parameters of biapenem are not significantly different in healthy subjects， and there is no accumulation after multiple doses of biapenem. However， there are large differences in pharmacokinetic parameters in patients with severe disease and patients with abnormal renal function compared with healthy subjects， which leads to conventional treatment regimens not achieving the desired outcome. In terms of pharmacodynamics， biapenem can improve the rate of reaching the target value by increasing the frequency of administration and prolonging the infusion time. For patients with anuria in end-stage renal disease， dosing intervals can be extended to avoid drug accumulation. However, for patients with severe infection, a daily dose of 1.2 g still can not control infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which limits its use in patients with severe disease. It is recommended to implement TDM in severe patients and patients with abnormal renal function， and explore the best dosing regimen for biapenem in combination with pharmacokinetic models to ensure that the time that the free blood concentration of biapenem remains above minimum inhibitory concentration as a percentage of the time between doses （%fT＞MIC） is within the effective range，so that biapenem can exert a greater efficacy in severe patients and patients with abnormal renal function. For medical institutions that cannot carry out TDM， the efficacy of biapenem can be maximized by increasing the frequency of administration and prolonging the infusion time. For infections caused by P. aeruginosa， A. baumannii and Serratia marcescens with high drug resistance rates， it is recommended to combine or replace other antibiotics.

Heart failure with high prevalence is the endpoint of many cardiovascular diseases. Once diagnosed， patients usually need lifelong medication， which seriously affects their quality of life. The drugs commonly used to treat heart failure include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors， beta-blockers， aldosterone receptor antagonists， and diuretics. However， the long-term use of those drugs can lead to side effects such as hypotension， depletion of body fluid， and electrolyte imbalance and even increase mortality. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， Qi deficiency and blood stagnation is the major cause of heart failure and when Qi is not moving， blood is not flowing. Therefore， the TCM clinical treatment of heart failure uses the Chinese medicinal materials which replenish Qi， activate blood， and dispell stasis to treat both internal cause and external symptoms. Recent studies have demonstrated that Chinese herbal medicines such as Astragali Radix， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Angelicae Sinensis Radix， as well as the compound formulas such as Buyang Huanwutang， Simiao Yongantang， Qili Qiangxin capsules， and Qishen Yiqi drops， play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of heart failure via replenishing Qi， activating blood， and dispelling stasis. Inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses， mitigation of myocardial fibrosis， improvement of calcium cycling， and protection of mitochondrial function represent the key mechanisms for the treatment of heart failure with Chinese medicinal materials. Focusing on the pathogenic mechanisms and signaling pathways of heart failure， this paper systematically describes the pharmacological effects， molecular mechanisms， and research progress in the clinical application of Chinese medicinal herbs with effects of replenishing Qi， activating blood， and dispelling stasis and their compound formulas in the prevention and treatment of heart failure， aiming to provide scientific evidence for the development and clinical use of anti-heart failure Chinese medicinal materials.