The descending genicular vessels and their branches were observed on 50 adult lower extremities.The saphenous branch supplies the skin on the medial genicular region.It has a larger caliber and a longer pedicle.The area distributed by this branch is 60.96?35.01cm2.The saphenous branch also gives out branches to the lower one third of the satorius muscle.The descending genicular vessels and it's articular branch in 88% cadavers give out the branches to the vastus medialis muscle.In addition,the great saphenous vein and the saphenous nerve were observed.The design for the medial genicular cutaneous flap and myocutaneous flap were discussed.

The vessels of the skin flap in the fronto-parieto-temporal region were studied by way of injecting 10% ethyl acetate dye into the artery of 25 Chinese adult cadavers.The main arterial supply in this region is the superficial temporal artery. In addition,the posterior auricular,supraorbital and supratrochtear arteries distribute over this region as well.The superficial temporal artery is the largest scalp artery.The area distributed by this artery amounts to 57.38?6.05% of the whole scalp.The frontal and parietal branches are the terminal branches of the superficial temporal artery.The former is a constant branch in our cases.It is a dominant vessel of which both the distributing area and the caliber are larger than the parietal branch.The superficial temporal vein is mainly formed by the union of a frontal and a parietal venous branches,which approximately accompany the corresponding branches of the artery. The arteries in the fronto-parieto-temporal region form rich anastomoses at the median area of the vertex.The large anastomoses channels were counted in this study.These channels have anatomically provided for the designing of a supe(?)long flap which run across the median zone.The forehead flap with the frontal branch as the pedicle artery and the scalp flap with the parietal branch as the pedicle artery were discussed.

A Review The elastin has been investigated since the 1950 s, and it has been found that elastin relates to the vascular diseases in recent years. In this review, the elastin gene structure, distribution and its role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases and aging are summarized.

The sectional morphology of the human brachial artery, ulnar artery, radial artery, palmar digital artery of the thumb and the middle finger were observed under microscopy. Excepting the brachial artery, the intima of the other 4 arteries are thick, especially the ulnar artery. The histological variations must be noticed during the artery is anastomosed. The percentage of the adventitia of the whole wall thickness decreases and the elastic fibers become looser gradually in accordance with the size of the arteries. The relative contents of elastin, collagen and smooth muscle of the above 5 arteries were measured by microspectrophotometer. The content of elastin of these arteries decreases(P

The differentiation of neural stem cells/neural precursors (NSCs/NPs) is a hot spot in neurobiological research. It used to identify their differentiation degree only by morphologic appearances. The functional characteristics, such as electrical properties of cellular membrane and ion channel activities, are drawing more and more attention with the development of patch clamp technique. It was summarized the recent progress in the study of NSCs/NPs functional differentiation using patch clamp, some existing problems and research perspectives were suggested.

Objective To study the sectional anatomy of the cardiac septum to provide the reference for clinical imageology and surgery. Methods Sixteen normal adult hearts without organic lesions were verified macroscopically. After vascular perfusion, the specimens were embedded with gel, fixed with 5% formalin, and cryopreserved for a week, and then were sectioned with the Digital Sectioner. Results A total of 1 608 slices (thickness: 0.2 mm) of the heart were obtained. Cardiac septum and the surrounding structures were shown clearly. The demarcation of connective and muscular tissues was clear. The diameters of the cardiac apex, fossa ovalis, brawny intraventricular septum, left ventricle, right ventricle, left and right fibrous trigone were measured with Photoshop6.0. Conclusion The clear images can display tiny structures that could be measured, which could provide anatomical references clinical imageology and surgery.

BACKGROUND: Changes of elastic fibers in middle cerebral artery(MCA)is close related withthe aged cerebrovascular disease.OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of elastic fibers of MCA in different aging rats.DESIGN: A descriptive and controlled study based on experimental animals.SETTING: Department of anatomy and central laboratory in a university.MATERIALS: Totally 36 healthy Wistar rats with either gender, weighing 200 - 280 g, were selected from the Animal Institute of the third medical military university of Chongqing[certification SCXX (army) 2002-007].INTERVENTIONS: Changes of elastic fibers of MCA of different aging rats were observed with light microscope, transmission electron microscope and image analysis system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①) Major outcome: changes of elastic lamella in MCA of different aging rats; ②) Secondary outcome: ultramicrostructural changes of internal lamella under the transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: With the increase of age, the folded extent and quantity of internal elastic lamella were decreased, and the content of elastic fibers were also decreased significantly( P ＜ 0.01 ). However, the ratio of collagen fibers to elastic fibers was increased significantly( P ＜ 0.01 ) . In the aging group above 24 months, the internal elastic lamina thinned, delaminated and disrupted, and the lipid deposited in it. Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells passed through the internal elastic lamina. CONCLUSION: Changes of elastic fibers may be related with the increased susceptibility to the cerebrovascular disease in aged people.

Objective To observe and compare the clinical efficacy of fire needling versus electroacupuncture in treating knee osteoarthritis of kidney and marrow deficiency type.Methods One hundred and ten patients with knee osteoarthritis of kidney and marrow deficiency type were randomly allocated to two groups, a fire needling group of 56 cases and an electroacupuncture group of 54 cases. The fire needling group received filiform needle acupuncture and fire needle pricking and the electroacupuncture group, electroacupuncture. Treatment was given once every other day, for a total of four weeks as one course. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score were recorded in the two groups before and after treatment. The clinical therapeutic effects were compared between the two groups.Results The VAS score and the WOMAC subscores significantly decreased in both groups after treatment compared with those before treatment (P<0.01). There were no statistically significant post-treatment differences in the VAS score and the WOMAC subscores between the two groups (P>0.05). The VAS score and the WOMAC subscores decreased further in both groups at four weeks after treatment compared with those at the end of treatment (P<0.01). In the electroacupuncture group, there were statistically significant differences in the VAS score and the WOMAC pain and stiffness subscores between eight weeks and four weeks after treatment (P<0.01) and in the WOMAC pain, stiffness and joint function subscores between at eight weeks after treatment and at the end of treatment (P<0.01). In the fire needling group, there were statistically significant differences in the VAS score and the WOMAC pain, stiffness and joint function subscores between at eight weeks after treatment and at the end of treatment (P<0.01). At four weeks after treatment, the VAS score and the WOMAC pain, stiffness and joint function subscores were significantly lower in the fire needling group than in the electroacupuncture group (P<0.05,P<0.01). At eight weeks after treatment, the VAS score and the WOMAC pain and stiffness subscores were still significantly lower in the fire needling group than in the electroacupuncture group (P<0.01). The total efficacy rate was 94.6% in the fire needling group and 90.7% in the electroacupuncture group; there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05).Conclusions Both filiform needle acupuncture plus fire needle pricking and electroacupuncture can markedly relieve the pain and stiffness and improve joint function in knee osteoarthritis of kidney and marrow deficiency type. Both have an equivalent short-term therapeutic effect. Filiform needle acupuncture plus fire needle pricking has a better long-term therapeutic effect than electroacupuncture.

Objective To explore the aesthetic efficacy of modified endoscopic rhytidectomy by using the techniques to minimize tissue damage,to obviate injury to the vessels and nerves,and to control bleeding and to firm fixation.Methods Two discontinuous incisions were made in the temporal scalp during the procedure,obviating injury to the branches of the superficial temporal vessels.Endoscopic technique was used to facilitate elevating,hemostasis,slinging and fixation in the plane under superficial temporal fascia.Three transverse incisions were made after the hairline in the forhead scalp,the operation was carried out by using endoscopic equipment,and the elevated forhead flap was slinged and fixed upward to the lamina externa cranii.Results 58 cases were received endoscopic forehead and temporal rhytidectomy,only slight edema was observed after surgery,and no obvisous ecchymosis was found.All patients returned home 7 days after operation.Degree of satisfaction on long-term follow-up showed that 56 cases(96.55%)improved obviously one year postoperatively;35 cases followed up 2 years,33(94.29%)of them improved obviously.None case was suffered from facial nerve injury.Conclusion The purpose of endoscopic rhytidectomy is to avoid carrying out the operation out of sight,to minimize unexpected damage to vessels and nerves,and to facilitate dissection,hemostasis,suturing,slingling and fixation.By refining the technique,we can achieve minimal injury,shorten recovery period,and obtain more satisfactory results,so the indication for operation is extended.

Objective: To obtain purified and functional CDNF-his recombinant protein and prepare its polyclonal antibodies.Methods:Preparation of recombinant CDNF-his was carried out in HEK 293 T cells with pVR1012-CDNF-his successfully constructed transfected into them.Then,the recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA immunoaffinity chromatography.The purity was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and the protein′s identity was tested by Western blot.MTT was used to verify the biological function of the protein purified.New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with purified CDNF-his protein for preparation of polyclonal antibodies.Results:pVR1012-CDNF-his expressed successfully in HEK 293 T cells.The purity of protein was up to more than 90%after purification.MTT showed that CDNF-his was able to protect PC 12 cells from damage by 6-OHDA.The polyclonal antibody was detected at the end of animal immunizing process.Conclusion: A method to express and purify protein using HEK 293T cell and following Ni-NTA immunoaffinity chromatography has been built.CDNF-his with biological activity is obtained based that.Finally, polyclonal antibodies of CDNF were generated successfully.