MTA1 is a composition of Nurd,which may deacetylate histone and non-histone to affect gene transcription and protein expression. Since it is often overexpressed in many tumors and closely related to invasion,metastasis and prognosis of the malignancy, MTA1 might be exploited as a tumor marker for clinical application. This article reviews the structure and function of MTA1 and some new research progress on the tumor metastasis related to MTA1.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use and tendency of anti-rejection drugs in six cities in the Yangtze valley.METHODS: The consumption data for anti-rejection drugs in the Yangtze areas during the period 2004～2006 were analyzed statistically by the method of order of consumption sum.RESULTS: The anti-rejection drugs used in the Yangtze valley increased year by year,up 28.4% in 2005 and 23.9% in 2006 over the previous year.On the list of consumption sum for the six cities in Yangtze valley,the proportions for Shanghai over the 3 years were 67.1%,62.5% and 65.4%;those for Hangzhou were 12.6%,16.7% and 14.7%;5.3%,4.6%,4.6% for Nanjing;7.6%,9.0% and 7.4% for Wuhan;4.9%,4.5%,5.0%for Chendu,and 2.5%,2.7% and 2.9% for Chongqing.CONCLUSION: The consumption of anti-rejection drugs was unbalanced among the 6 cities in the Yangtze areas,but its clinical application was basically in line with the marketing of new drug both at home and abroad.The import drugs occupied the biggest market share,while the market share of the domestic drugs increased slowly but steadily.The prices for anti-rejection drugs were still very high,which should be lowered to reduce patients' economic burden.

Liposomes can be cleared by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) when it is in the blood circulation in the body. And they can accumulate in the organs rich in RES in the body by passive targeting. Targeting of the liposomes is an important factor for its use as a drug carrier, and particle size as well as surface charge are important for its in vivo targeting. In this paper, studies on the influences of particle size and surface charge of the liposomes on cell binding and phagocytosis mechanism were reviewed. A comprehensive review on passive targeting effect of the particle size and surface charge of liposomes on blood, liver, spleen as well as tumor tissue was made. At last, an outlook for future research directions was made.

Objective To establish a model of pancreatic cancer induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzathracene (DMBA) in SD rats, and to detect the expression levels of RAD51 and Myc-associated factor X (MAX) and their effect on carcinogenesis of rat pancreas. Methods Ninety SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: a model group, an intervention group, and a control group. DMBA was directly implanted into the parenchyma of rat pancreas (the model group and the intervention group). Rats in the intervention group were treated with 1 mL trichostatin A (TSA) saline solution (1 μg/mL) via ip weekly. Rats within 3～5 months in the model group and the intervention group were executed and observed by macrograph and under microscope. Meanwhile, the rats in the control group were executed at 5th month. The EnVision~(TM) immunohistochemistry to assay the expression levels of RAD51 and MAX was used in conventional paraffin-embedded sections from the above pancreatic specimens.Results The incidence of pancreatic cancer in the model group within 3-5 months was 48.7% (18/37), including 17 ductal adenocarcinomas and 1 fibrosarcoma. The incidence of pancreatic cancer in the intervention group within 3-5 months was 33.3%(12/36), including 11 ductal adenocarcinomas and 1 fibrosarcoma. The maximal diameter of mass in the model group was significantly higher than that in the intervention group (P＜0.05). No pathological changes were found in pancreas of the control group and other extra-pancreatic main organs of the model group and the intervention group (such as the liver, biliary tract, gastrointestine tract, kidney, and lung). The positive rate of RAD51 was significantly higher in ductal adenocarcinoma in the model group, the intervention group, and the model group +the intervention group than those in corresponding groups of non-cancerous pancreatic tissues (P＜0.01), but the positive rate of MAX expression was opposite to RAD51 expression(P＜0.01). The positive tissues of RAD51 expression and/or negative tissues of MAX expression in non-cancerous tissues showed atypical-hyperplasia of ductal epitheli. Pacncreas of the control group showed the negative expression of RAD51 and positive expression of MAX. Two cases of fibrosarcoma showed the negative expression of RAD51 and MAX.Conclusion DMBA directly implanted into the parenchyma of pancreas can obtain an ideal pancreatic cancer model with high incidence in a short time. The TSA might have an inhibitive effect on carcinogenesis and growth of rat pancreas. The over-expression of RAD51 and/or lose-expression might have important effect on carcinogenesis induced DMBA in rat pancreas.

The paper described the basic theory and methods of tracer methodology. By means of case study, case tracing and system tracing, the authors applied this methodology in review or appraisal work in such aspects as priority focus process, priority focus content, clinical service team, appraisal process, and tracing pathways. All these aim at promoting continuous improvement of the quality of care.

Objective To investigate the role of Toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) activation in spinal cord in a rat model of persistent postoperative pain evoked by skin/muscle incision and retraction(SMIR).Methods Ninetysix male SD rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly divided into 4 groups(n =24 each):group sham operation; group SMIR; group SMIR + IT scramble siRNA and group SMIR + IT TLR4siRNA.The rat model of persistent postoperative pain evoked by SMIR was established according to the method described by Flatters.The TLR4 siRNA were administered intrathecally for 7 days starting from 1 day beforc surgcry.Pain behavior was assessed by paw mechanical withdraw threshold (MWT) to Electronic von Frey Anesthesiometer stimulation at 1 day before and 1,3,7,12,and 22 days after operation.Four animals were sacrificed at each time point in each group for detection of the expression of TLR4 protein in the spinal cord by Western blot analysis.Results Compared to group sham group,MWT was significantly descreased at 3,7,12,and 22 days after operation,while the expression of TLR4 protein in the spinal cord were significantly increased at 3,7,12 days after operation in group SMIR and group SMIR + IT scramble siRNA ; IT TLR4siRNA significantly attenuated the hyperalgesia induced by SMIR and descreased the expression of TLR4 protein at 3,7,12 days after operation in group SMIR + IT TLR4siRNA.Conclusion TLR4 activation in spinal cord plays an important role in the development of SMIR-evoked persistent postoperative pain in rats.

Objective To evaluate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in the spinal cord in the development of persistent postoperative pain evoked by skin/muscle incision and retraction (SMIR) and the relationship with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).Methods One hundred and twenty male SpragueDawley rats,weighing 200-250 g,aged 2 months,in which intrathecal catheters were successfully implanted,were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =24 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),SMIR group,SMIR + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group (group DMSO),SMIR + p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 group (group SB203580) and SMIR + TLR4 small interference RNA (siRNA) group (group TLR4siRNA).The rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal chloral hydrate 400 mg/kg.The skin and superficial muscle of the medial thigh were incised and a small pair of retractors inserted.This tissue was retracted for 1 h causing potential stretch of the saphenous nerve.2％ DMSO 10 μl and SB203580 5 μg were injected intrathecally at 30 min before operation and 1-12 days after operation in DMSO and SB203580 groups,respectively.TLR4siRNA 2 μg was administered intrathecally at 1 day before operation and 1-12 days after operation once a day in group TLR4siRNA.Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold to von Frey filament stimulation (MWT) was measured at 1 day before operation and 1,3,7,12 and 22 days after operation.Four rats in each group were sacrificed after measurement of MWT at each time point,and the L4-6 segments of the spinal cord were obtained for detection of the expression of phosphorylated p38MAPK (p-p38MAPK) by Western blot analysis.Results Compared with group S,MWT was significantly decreased after operation,and the expression of p-p38MAPK was up-regulated after operation in SMIR and DMSO groups.Compared with group SMIR,MWT was significantly increased after operation,and the expression of p-p38MAPK was down-regulated after operation in SB203580 and TLR4siRNA groups,and no significant changes in MWT and p-p38MAPK expression were found at each time point in group DMSO.Conclusion TLR4-triggered activation of p38MAPK in spinal cord is involved in the development of SMIR-evoked persistent postoperative pain in rats.

Objective To investigate the risk factors related to persistent unconsciousness in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) by way of building a prognosis model.Methods The clinical data of 165 sTBI patients admitted from July 2011 to November 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.The eligible patients were randomly assigned to derivation cohort (n =115) and verification cohort (n =50) by treatment order.Inclusion criteria:(1) age ＞ 15 years; (2) definitive history of head injury; (3) traumatic brain injury confirmed by head computerized tomography or brain MRI; (4) initial Glasgow coma score (GCS) was less than 8; (5) patient's light come or consciousness impairment gradually deteriorating to profound coma on the day of admission.The exclusion criteria were as follows:(1) only a brief loss of consciousness or coma after trauma (coma time ＜ 6 hours) ; (2) post-injury hysteria or dementia causes appearance like coma ; (3) unconsciousness results of status epilepticus which was induced by emotion after injury.Univariate and muhivariable logistic regression were employed to determine the independent predictors of persistent unconsciousness in the derivation cohort,and then prognosis model was established.The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were used to assess the capacity of model for discrimination and calibration.Results Logistic regression analysis was used to identify GCS score,neurological complications,diffuse axonal injury (DAI),electrolytes disturbance as the most important predictors of persistent unconsciousness.The model was well calibrated in the derivation cohort (Hosmer-Lemeshow test,x2 =4.380,P =0.496).The model showed good discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) in the derivation cohort (0.87; 95％ CI:0.798-0.942) and in the versification cohort (0.90; 95％ CI:0.803-0.997).Conclusions The prognosis model could accurately predict the persistent unconsciousness lasting in sTBI patients despite its certain limitations,and therefore,it has significantly clinical and societal value.

Pharmaceutical preparations can directly affect the administration methods and therapeutic effects of drugs , which is a priority for the research and development of the military specialized medicament .Foreign armies started pharma-ceutical formulation research very early , and some of their research concepts and strategies are worth learning from .In this paper , dosage forms were used as the classification factor and several formulations with distinct military characteristics were described in detail .The features of military specialized medicament were analyzed from the perspective of pharmaceutics , based on which future development in the formulation of military specialized medicament was predicted .

Objective To observe effects of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction on fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), abdominal aortic morphology and expression of HIF-1α in the abdominal aorta in rats with type 2 diabetes. Methods The rat model of type 2 diabetes was established by intravenous injection of streptozotocin and feeding with high sugar and high fat diet. Rats were randomly divided into blank group, model group, control group and treatment group. The blank group and model group were given normal saline by gavage, the control group was given metformin, and the treatment group was given Huanglian Jiedu Decoction. Six weeks later, the levels of FBG and FINS were determined. Immunohistochemical method was used to determine the expression of HIF-1α in abdominal aorta and HE staining method to observe the changes of abdominal aortic morphology. Results Compared with model group and control group, abdominal aorta of HIF-1α and FBG level of treatment group were significantly decreased (P <0.01), FINS significantly increased (P <0.01), and abdominal aortic endothelial cell injury was significantly improved. Conclusion Huanglian Jiedu Decoction has a protective effect on the injury of vascular endothelium, and its mechanism may be related with inhibiting the expression of HIF-1α.