Abscopal effect (AE) is defined as the phenomenon that the non-irradiated lesions shrink in addition to the directly irradiated lesions when the tumors are treated with radiotherapy. With widespread application of programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTL-4) antibody, the treatment of malignant tumors has entered the era of immunotherapy. With the increasing application of radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy, AE has received unprecedented attention from scholars. The combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy can promote the occurrence of systemic immune response and enhance the anti-tumor response of radiotherapy, which has deepened the understanding of AE. In this article, the history of AE in different stages of radiotherapy was reviewed, and the factors, possible mechanisms and clinical research status affecting the incidence of AE were emphasized, aiming to increase the incidence of AE in the era of immunotherapy, promote the objective effectiveness of radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy in clinical application, and further improve clinical prognosis of patients with malignant tumors.

Anemia, Aplastic ; therapy ; Fetal Blood ; transplantation ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Objective To investigate the effect of the tibiofemoral joint surface with high conformity on total knee prosthesis motion and insert wear. Methods A type of knee prosthesis with a high coronal conformity was designed and manufactured, and its insert wear was studied by in vitro wear testing combined with finite element simulation. ResultsThe mass wear rates calculated by the in vitro wear testing and finite element simulation were (14.29±3.19) mg/MC and 14.67 mg/MC (MC, million cycle), respectively. After five MCs, the areas of the insert wear obtained by both the methods were basically consistent, and severe wear was found to occur in the middle part of the insert. ConclusionsThe result of the finite element simulation coincided with that of the in vitro testing. The wear rate of the tibiofemoral joint surface of the total knee prosthesis with a high coronal conformity was relatively low. The research outcomes have practical significance for the evaluation and clinical application of the total knee prosthesis with a high conformity.

Candida albicans is the most abundant fungal species in oral cavity. As a smart opportunistic pathogen, it increases the virulence by switching its forms from yeasts to hyphae and becomes the major pathogenic agent for oral candidiasis. However, the overuse of current clinical antifungals and lack of new types of drugs highlight the challenges in the antifungal treatments because of the drug resistance and side effects. Anti-virulence strategy is proved as a practical way to develop new types of anti-infective drugs. Here, seven artemisinins, including artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, artemisinic acid, dihydroartemisinic acid, artesunate, artemether and arteether, were employed to target at the hyphal development, the most important virulence factor of C. albicans. Artemisinins failed to affect the growth, but significantly inhibited the hyphal development of C. albicans, including the clinical azole resistant isolates, and reduced their damage to oral epithelial cells, while arteether showed the strongest activities. The transcriptome suggested that arteether could affect the energy metabolism of C. albicans. Seven artemisinins were then proved to significantly inhibit the productions of ATP and cAMP, while reduced the hyphal inhibition on RAS1 overexpression strain indicating that artemisinins regulated the Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 pathway to inhibit the hyphal development. Importantly, arteether significantly inhibited the fungal burden and infections with no systemic toxicity in the murine oropharyngeal candidiasis models in vivo caused by both fluconazole sensitive and resistant strains. Our results for the first time indicated that artemisinins can be potential antifungal compounds against C. albicans infections by targeting at its hyphal development.
Animals ; Mice ; Candida albicans ; Candidiasis, Oral/drug therapy* ; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology* ; Hyphae ; Artemisinins/pharmacology*