Problems which should be emphasized in pediatric anesthesiology teaching were expounded based on anesthesia teaching practice and requirements of the cultivation 21 century anesthesia professionals.This paper emphasized the special anatomical,physiological and pharmacological characteristics of children,preoperative preparation,building of moral and legal concept and self-learning ability.

Objective To clone full length gene sequence containing open reading frame (ORF) of Schistosoma japonicum SJCHGC08304, analyse its category encoding Wnt protein, and to understand the mRNA expression dynamics of the gene during different developmental stages. Methods Based on a EST identified in Genbank, the full length gene of SJCHGC08304 was cloned with RACE technique from 7 d hepatic schistosomula and 42 d adult worms, and its complete ORF was analysed by bioinformatics tools. The expression of the gene during different developmental stages was analysed by using Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR technique. Results A new gene was obtained, containing a complete ORF with 2 604 nucleotides, and encoding 867 amino acid with 98.264 kD of molecular mass. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR showed that the mRNA level of this gene was the highest in the 18 d schistosomula, followed by 14 d schistosomula, 42 d male worms, 32 d adult worms, egg, 23 d adult worms, 27 d adult worms, respectively, and there were no expression of the gene in 42 d female worms. Conclusions The gene has a typical characteristics of Wnt frizzled family proteins, the similarity is best to Xenopus laevis. By comparison analysis to speculate as Fz5 gene, we denominate this gene as "sjFz5" (GenBank accession No. EU370926). SjFz5 has differential expressions during different developmental stages.

Objective To investigate the effects of Dangshen (DS) extract saponins alleviating apoptosis in ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) of renal grafts and the mechanism. Methods The I/R injury model in SD rats was established after kidney transplantation. The SD rats were randomly divided into the following 3 groups (n = 20): sham operation group, I/R model group, DS saponin intervention group. Blood urea nitrogen (Bun) and creatinine (Scr) levels were determined at the 24th h after operation; apoptosis index (AI) was detected by using TUNEL method; the expression of Bcl2 and bax mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. Results As compared with the sham operation group,the blood Bun and Scr levels were significantly increased in the I/R model and DS saponin intervention groups (P＜0. 05). As compared with the DS saponin intervention group, the blood Bun and Scr levels were significantly increased in the I/R group (P＜0.05). The AI was significantly increased in the I/R model group and DS saponin intervention group. After DS saponin intervention, the AI was decreased from 40. 28 % in the I/R model group to 28. 45 % in the DS saponin intervention group (P＜0. 05). The expression of Bcl-2 mRNA in DS saponin intervention group and I/R model group was significantly decreased as compared with the sham operation group (P＜0. 05), but that of Bax mRNA was significantly increased in the I/R model group and DS saponin intervention group as compared with the sham operation group (P＜0. 05). After DS saponin intervention, the expression of Bcl-2mRNA was increased from 0. 25 in the I/R model group to 0. 391 (P＜0. 05), and that of Bax mRNA was decreased from 0. 565 in the I/R model group to 0. 473 (P＜0. 05). Conclusion DS extract saponin could significantly alleviate apoptosis in the I/R injury of renal grafts possibly by up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and down-regulating the expression of Bax gene.

OBJECTIVETo explore the role of histone H3 acetylation in cleft palate induced by 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in C57BL/6J mice, and its mechanism.

METHODSOn gestation day 10 (GD10), 36 pregnant mice were randomly divided into two groups as the treated group(n = 18) and the control group( n = 18). The mice in the treated group received intragastric administration with TCDD 28 μg/kg, while the mice in the control group received equivalent corn oil. The pregnant mice were sacrificed on GD13. 5, GD14. 5 and GD15. 5, collecting fetal palates to determine the activities of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) by Colorimetric and the expression level of acetylated histone H3 (Acetylated histone H3, Ac-H3) by Western-blot.

RESULTSThe activity of HATs was 0.409 7 ± 0.0147, 0.522 3 ± 0.017 1 and 0.643 5 ± 0.013 9 in control group on GD13.5, GD14.5 and GD15.5; 0.865 0 ± 0.0129, 0.719 1 ± 0.017 8 and 0.551 2 ± 0.016 8 in TCDD group. The activity of HATs in TCDD group was higher than that in control group on GD13. 5, GD14. 5, showing significantly difference between the two groups (t = - 56. 932, t = - 19. 516, P < 0.01); however, the activity of HATs in TCDD group was significantly lower than that in control group on GD15. 5 (t = 10. 382, P < 0.01). The expression level of Ac-H3 was 0.745 0 ± 0.113 5, 1.055 9 ± 0.249 4 and 1.795 5 ± 0.081 9 in control group on GD13. 5, GD14. 5 and GD15. 5; while 1.4490 ± 0. 1460, 1. 641 8 ± 0.099 7 and 1. 512 1 ± 0. 150 2 in TCDD group. The expression of Ac-H3 in TCDD group was higher than that in control group on GD13. 5, GD14. 5, showing significantly difference( t = -6. 593, -3. 779, P <0. 01, P <0.05) ; However, the expression of Ac-H3 in TCDD group was statistically lower than that in control group (t = 2. 870, P <0. 05).

CONCLUSIONThe acetylation of histone H3 was involved in the cleft palate of C57BL/6J mice induced by TCDD, which may be one of the mechanisms in TCDD-induced cleft palate.

Acetylation ; drug effects ; Acetyltransferases ; metabolism ; Animals ; Cleft Palate ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Dioxins ; Female ; Fetus ; Histones ; metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins ; Pregnancy ; Random Allocation ; Teratogens

Objective To evaluate the effect of hypoxemia factor on hippocampal long-term potentiation(LTP)in newborn rats undergoing propofol anesthesia. Methods Forty-two pathogen-free healthy Sprague-Dawley rats(21 males,21 females),aged 7 days,weighing 14-18 g,were divided into 3 groups(n=14 each)using a random number table:propofol plus air group(group PA),propofol plus pure oxygen group(group PO)and intralipid plus pure oxygen group(group IO).Propofol 50 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day for 7 consecutive days in PA and PO groups. Intralipid 5.0 ml/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day for 7 consecutive days in IO group. The rats were exposed to air or pure oxygen for 6 h after the end of each injection. The arterial oxygen saturation and respiratory rate were determined after administration. The rats were returned to the cage after recovery of righting reflex. Six rats in each group were selected for preparation of hippocampal slices at 24 h after the last injection on 7th day,and the electric stimulation-induced field excitatory post synaptic potential(fEPSP)and success rate of LTP induction were recorded. Morris water maze test was performed in the other rats at 2 weeks after administration to assess the cognitive function. Results Compared with group IO,the respiratory rate,amplitude of fEPSP and success rate of LTP induction were significantly decreased,and the escape latency was prolonged in group PO(P<0.05).Compared with group PO,the arterial oxygen saturation,amplitude of fEPSP and success rate of LTP induction were significantly decreased,the escape latency was prolonged,and the number of crossing the original platform was decreased in group PA(P<0.05).Conclusion Hypoxemia factor increases propofol-induced neurotoxicity in the central nervous system of newborn rats.

OBJECTIVETo investigate difference between the appearance and the bony structure in the polysyndactyly of the fifth toe fused with the fourth toe.

METHODSFrom Jan. 2009 to Jan. 2014, 54 patients (65 feet) with polysyndactyly of the fifth toe fused with the fourth toe were treated. The appearance, X-ray and intraoperative finding were recorded and compared to classify the deformity. Then the extra toe was excised and syndactyly was separated. The malalignment and brachydactyly of the sixth toes were corrected simultaneously.

RESULTSAccording to the bone and joint type, the fifth toes were neoplastic toes without joints in 17 feet, or had poor bony and joint alignment with the sixth toes in 48 feet. So the fifth toes were excised in all the cases. The patients were followed up for 1 month to 4 years. The oblique deformity of sixth toes were corrected completely with improved length.

CONCLUSIONSThe polysyndactyly of the fifth toe fused with the fourth toe should be classified to design the excised toe (usually fifth toe) and correction procedure. The appearance and bony joint recovery are both important.

Humans ; Polydactyly ; pathology ; surgery ; Syndactyly ; pathology ; surgery ; Toe Phalanges ; abnormalities ; surgery ; Toes ; abnormalities ; surgery

Objective To assess the clinic value of three - dimensional(3D)printing models in operation scheme of double outlet right ventricle(DORV). Methods From September 2015 to December 2016,the imaging data of 29 patients (13 males and 16 females)with DORV were acquired using Dual Source CT. And then the cardiac models were generated using 3D printing technology. The cardiac models were used in diagnosing the type of DORV and guiding the surgery scheme. The 3D printed models were compared with two - dimensional imaging in diagnosis and sur-gical scheme of DORV patients. Results Both the two - dimensional imaging and 3D printed models were effective in the diagnosis and typing of DORV. According to 3D printing models,28 cases were consistent with the real operations, and 1 case was inconsistent. According to the two - dimensional imaging data,20 cases of surgical strategies were con-sistent with the real operations and 9 cases were inconsistent. For patients with DORV with non - committed ventricular septal defect (NC - VSD),3D printing models were more accurate in the designing of surgical strategies. Conclusions 3D printing models can display 3D anatomical structures and it is helpful in the diagnosis and making preoperative planning for DORV especially for DORV with NC - VSD,which provides a new method for the assessment of DORV.

Objective: To evaluate the expression of histone H4 acetylation(Ac-H4) during the cleft palates formation induced by 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD) in C57BL/6J mice. Methods: Forty-eight pregnant C57BL/6J mice were completely randomly divided into two groups: ① TCDD group, mice were treated with 20ug/kg of TCDD on gestation day (GD) 10.5 by gastric perfusion; ② control group, mice were treated with an equivalent of corn oil. The head samples were collected and sliced in coronal plane on GD13.5, GD14.5 and GD15.5 respectively. Histone H4 acetylation in the palates were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and Western Blot in the two groups. Results: Histone H4 acetylation was mainly expressed in the palatal epithelial cells and slightly expressed in mesenchymal cells. The expression level of histone H4 acetylation was 0.6002±0.2530, 0.9180±0.0941 and 0.8966±0.0908 respectively in control group on GD13.5, GD14.5 and GD15.5; while 1.0229±0.2779, 1.6095±0.2651 and 1.2758±0.1251 in TCDD group. There were statistically significant differences between the control group and TCDD group (P<0.05). Conclusions The histone H4 acetylation was involved in the cleft palate formation induced by TCDD in C57BL/6J mice.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between CpG islands methylation statuses of TGF-β₃, Dnmts and their expression during TCDD-induced mouse embryonic palatal development. Methods: Eithtteen pregnant C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 2 groups: the control group(n=9) and TCDD-exposure group(n=9). At gestation day 10.5(GD10.5), the mice in TCDD-group were orally administrated with TCDD 28 μg/kg, while the mice in the control group received equivalent corn oil. The pregnant mice were sacrificed at GD13.5, GD14.5, GD15.5, fetal palates were collected. CpG island methylation statuses were analysed by methylation specific polymerase chain reaction(MSP). IBM SPSS 20.0 software was applied for statistical analysis. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for normal distribution check, and the distributions were normal. Independent t-test was carried out between two groups. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: CpG island in promoter region of gene TGF-β₃ were all at low methylation level at all GDs of both groups, there were no differences at same GD between two groups [GD13.5: (8.6±0.8)% vs (8.7±0.8)%, P>0.05; GD14.5: (11.5±1.4)%vs (11.7±1.0)%, P>0.05; GD15.5: (12.0±0.7)% vs (12.1±0.5)%, P>0.05]. CpG island in promoter region of gene Dnmt1 were all highly methylated with no differences showed at same GD between two groups [GD13.5: (73.9±1.1)%vs (72.6±0.8)%, P>0.05; GD14.5: (70.8±1.7)% vs (70.7±1.0)%, P>0.05; GD15.5: (69.4±2.2)% vs (69.7±0.5)%, P>0.05]. The methylation level of CpG island 1 in promoter region of gene Dnmt3a in TCDD group was higher than that in control group at GD13.5 and GD15.5 [(21.9±1.1)% vs (8.1±0.6)%, P<0.01, (43.4±0.4)% vs(32.9±0.7)%, P<0.01], while lower at GD14.5[(33.2±0.5)% vs (42.9±0.3)%, P<0.01]. The methylation level of CpG island 2 in promoter region of gene Dnmt3a in control group was higher than that in TCDD group at all GDs [GD13.5: (82.0±0.7)% vs (32.3±0.6)%, P<0.01; GD14.5: (62.7±1.0)%vs (25.5±1.4)%, P<0.01; GD15.5: (47.2±0.4)% vs (30.3±1.4)%, P<0.01]. Conclusions Low methylation level of CpG island 2 which is close to the first exon in promoter region of gene Dnm3a may be the cause of highly expressed Dnmt3a mRNA at GD13.5 during mice palatogenesis induced by TCDD, thus the global DNA methylation is extremely high to induce cleft palate. TCDD-treatment doesn′t influence the CpG methylation statuses in promoter region of TGF-β₃ and Dnmt1.

Objective: To explore the common differentially expressed proteins in 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD) and retinoic acid-induced cleft palate of fetal mice by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ) combined with mass spectrometry. Methods: Thirty-six pregnant C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, 12 cases in each group. C57BL/6J pregnant mice were given a gavage of TCDD 28 μg/kg or retinoic acid 80 mg/kg on gestational day 10.5(GD10.5) as experimental groups, while the control group received equivalent corn oil. Anatomical and histological changes of palates in fetal mice were observed on GD17.5. Total proteins were extracted from palates of fetal mice in each group on GD17.5. Differentially expressed proteins were identified in experimental groups as well as in control group by iTRAQ combined with two-dimensional liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Western Blot was used for validation of the differentially expressed proteins of Annexin A1 and 14-3-3 sigma. All statistical analyses were measured with SPSS software(version 17.0). Chi-square test was used to compare the incidence of cleft palate. One-way ANOVA was carried out for comparison of the relative expression levels of three groups, homogeneity of variance was analyzed by Levene test, and Turkey HSD test was used for comparison between two groups. P values were judged as significant difference if they were less than 0.05. Results: ①Model of cleft palate in fetal mice were successfully established with incidence of cleft palate of 97.1%(68/70)in TCDD group and 98.6%(70/71) in retinoic acid group, respectively(χ²=0.00, P>0.05), without significant difference between two groups. However, they were similar on the phenotype. ② A total of 2 996 proteins were identified. Compared with control group, 75 and 90 differentially expressed proteins were screened out from TCDD group and retinoic acid group respectively. There were 18 differentially expressed proteins in common both in two experimental groups. ③Western Blot assay indicated that the expression of Annexin A1 protein was 0.52±0.11 in control group, while in TCDD group was 0.99±0.34 and in retinoic acid group was 0.98±0.31, with significant difference between any of two experimental groups and control group(P<0.05). The expression of 14-3-3 sigma protein in control group was 0.55±0.15, while in TCDD group was 0.86±0.17 and in retinoic acid group was 0.93±0.13, with significant difference between any of two experimental groups and control group(P<0.05). These results were consistent with the results of iTRAQ experiment. Conclusions Using iTRAQ technology can quickly and effectively filtrate the common differentially expressed proteins in fetal mice with cleft palate induced by TCDD and retinoic acid. These proteins may have closely related relationship with the occurrence of cleft palate induced by TCDD or retinoic acid.