Objective To discuss the characteristics of renal cell carcinoma with regional lymph node metastasis at diagnosis. Methods The data of 19 patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma with regional lymph node metastases at diagnosis from January 2004 to December 2008 were reviewed.The median age was 57 years (29-77).The study group included 15 males and four females.The primary tumor was located in the left kidney in 12 patients and fight in seven patients.The median maximam diameter of retroperitoneal lymph nodes was 2.8 cm(1.5-5.0).The lymph nodes in four patients were not detected by the preoperative image examination,but were confirmed by intraoperative exploration.Eleven cases had enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes resected and eight had regional lymph nodes dissected. Results The patients with regional lymph node metastases at diagnosis of renal celI carcinoma accounted for 1.6% (19/1213) of the total renal cell carcinoma cases.With a median follow-up of 34 months,six patients were survival without progression,and seven were survival with progression.giving a 5-year survival rate of 68.4%.The survival and recurrence rates after surgery were not significantly different by Fisher test(P=0.644 and 0.319 respectively) between the patients who underwent retroperitoneal regional lymph node dissection and those who underwent enlarged lymph node resection. Condmiom Renal cell carcinoma with regional lymph node metastasis at diagnosis is uncommon.Some patients may achieve long-term tumor-free survival through regional lymph node dissection or enlarged Iymph nodes resection.

Objective To study the character of multiple primary malignant neoplasms (MPMN) in patients with bladder cancer.Methods From 1958 to 1998,patients with bladder cancer associated MPMN were studied retrospectively.Results MPMN was found in 49(5.7%,49/847) patients with bladder cancer,including 32 male and 17 female.All the bladder cancer were urothelial carcinoma,47 cases of non muscleinvasive urothelial carcinoma and 2 muscle-invasive.47 cases were double-primary cancer patients,and 2 triple-primary.Non-bladder primary malignancies were found in digestive system(36.7%),respiratory system (20.4%),genital system(20.4%),and other system(20.4%).Lung cancer was the second primary cancer in 7 cases(14.3%,7/49).The MPMN were diagnosed at the same time in 5 cases,and the others one after another.Bladder cancer was the first primary cancer in 25 cases,and 24 as the second primary.The mean age when the first cancer was diagnosed was 51y.It was 86.2 months between the first cancer and the second for the mean time.90% cancer was in clinical stage Ⅰor stage Ⅱ.The median survival time was 39 months after the second primary malignant,and 104 months after the first primary malignant.Conclusion The most pathology type of the bladder cancer in MPMN is non muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Non-bladder primary malignancies are found more common in digestive system,the following are respiratory system and genital system.When lung cancer is the second primary malignant,it should be discriminated from metastasis of bladder cancer.90% cancer is in early clinical stage.They will have a good prognosis if diagnosed early and treated properly.

Objective To investigate the copy number changes on chromosome 3q26. 1 in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, and to explore its potential clinical significance. Methods The microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (Array-CGH) approach was used to analyze the genome-wide copy number changes of 35 tumor tissue samples of bladder cancer. To confirm the loss of a small fragment in 3q26. 1 detected by Array-CGH, real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) was performed with 57 frozen tumor tissue samples and 34 formalinfixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue samples. The urine sediment cells collected from 15 healthy volunteers and 29 bladder cancer patients were checked as above. Results The Array-CGH data showed that the copy number loss of a small fragment in 3q26. 1 was detected in 77.1% (27/35)of the tumor tissue samples investigated. Real-time PCR analysis validated this loss of a small fragment of 3q26.1 with high frequencies in both 57 frozen tumor samples and 34 FFPE tumor samples.The percentage of samples exhibiting loss was 78.9% (45/57) and 100. 0% (34/34) respectively.Furthermore, the relative copy number of the 3q26.1 small fragment was significantly lower in the urinary sediment cells of the patients (median=0. 0020), comparing with that of healthy controls (median=0. 0030) (P＜0.01). Conclusions Loss of the small fragment in 3q26.1 could be a characteristic genetic change of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. It may serve as a potential molecular marker for bladder cancer.

Objective To investigate the pathologic features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) in urinary bladder. Methods It was retrospectively reviewed for the characters of pathologic features and immunohistochemistry type in 3 patients diagnosed IMT in urinary bladder. Results 3 patients including 1 female and 2 male were 15, 36 and 60 years old (mean age 37),respectively. All patients underwent partial cystectomy. All cases presented single or multiple, polypoid or nodular mass(es), ranging in size from 1.8 to 5.5 cm. Microscopically, the tumor cell grew in invasive pattern, and were spindled with prominent nucleoli. The lesions varied from highly myxoid to highly cellular lesions. The mitotic rates were invisible. AE1/AE3, CK18 and ALK were positive in IMT. Follow-up was available for 3 patients (2, 18 and 18 months, respectively). None developed recurrences or metastasis. Conclusion IMT in urinary bladder are rare tumors. IMT grows in invasive pattern, and are spindled with prominent nucleoli.The main differential diagnosis of IMT includes embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in juvenile, sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma and leiomyosarcoma in adult.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the modified docetaxel plus prednisone scheme for the metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer patients who got poor tolerance to chemotherapy.Method The clinical data of 50 metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer who received docetaxel + prednisone chemotherapy from March 2010 to October 2015 were analyzed retrospectively.23 cases received the modified DP regimen (modified group),27 cases received the standard DP regimen (standard group).The median age of the modified group and the standard group were 69 years (47-80 years) and 63 years (52-77 years) (P =0.005).There were 19 and 24 cases with pain in modified group and standard group respectively;10 and 19 cases with lymph node metastasis respectively;3 and 4 cases of visceral metastasis respectively;all of the 50 patients were complicated with bone metastasis.For the pathological Gleason score,there were 7 cases scored ≤7 points,13 cases scored ≥ 8 points and 3 cases unscored in the modified group;7 cases scored ≤7 points,15 cases scored ≥8 points and 5 cases unscored in standard group.There was no significant difference of the pain,metastasis,and Gleason score between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Progression free survival (PFS),overall survival (OS)and adverse events were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves,and the differences were assessed using the log-rank test.Results In the modified group and standard group,the median follow-up times were 11.0 months and 14.0 months respectively,the median chemotherapy cycles were 4.5 cycles and 5.0 cycles respectively;OS were 18.0 months and 27.5 months respectively (P =0.746).The PFS of the two groups were 6.0 months and 5.2 months,respectively (P =0.822).The PSA response were 13 cases and 17 cases in the modified group and standard group respectively (P =0.615),and the pain response were 8 cases and 7 cases (P =0.927),grade 3 to 4 adverse events were 3 cases and 14 cases (P =0.003).The main adverse events were blood toxicity,neutrophils,gastrointestinal reaction,edema,fatigue and oral mucositis etc.Conclusions Compared with the standard DP scheme,the modified DP scheme had no significant difference in OS,PFS,pain response rate and PSA response rate,while the incidence of grade 3 to 4 adverse events was significantly reduced.Modified DP scheme may be a better choice for patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer who get poor tolerance to chemotherapy.

Objective To investigate the dose of docetaxel appropriate for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and its affects to the prognosis.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 75 patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer admitted from March 2010 to July 2016 who received docetaxel combined with prednisone chemotherapy.The patients were divided into the low-dose group (n =43,docetaxel ＜ 65 mg/m2),the middle-dose group (n =21,docetaxel 65-70 mg/m2) and the high-dose group (n =11,docetaxel ＞ 70 mg/m2).The median age in the low-dose group,middle-dose group and high-dose group was 67 (53-80),66 (56-78) and 61 (47-76) years old,respectively.Among 75 patients with bone metastasis,2 patients had no evidence of bone metastasis in the low-dose group.The lymph node metastasis was found in 26,13 and 6 cases in each group,respectively.And visceral and other metastasis were founded in 11,4 and 2 cases,respectively.The Gleason score in the low-dose group was≤7 points in 15 cases,≥8 points in 22 cases and no score in 6 cases.The Gleason score inthe middle-dose group was ≤7 points in 4 cases,≥8 points in 13 cases and no score in 4 cases.The Gleason score in the high-dose group was ≤7 points in 3 cases,≥8 points in 5 cases and no score in 3 cases.The number of patients with pain in the low-dose group,middle-dose group and high-dose group was 36,12 and 9,respectively,there were no significant differences in the above indicators (P ＞ 0.05),except age,which showed relatively more aged patients in the low-dose group,(P =0.045).Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare the overall survival (OS),progression-free survival (PFS) and the incidence of ≥CTCAE-4 grade 3 adverse reactions between the two groups.The Cox regression model was adopted to analyzed the factors that might affect patient prognosis,including the effective time of first-line endocrine therapy,hemoglobin level,ECOG score,pain score,number of cycles of chemotherapy,age,dose of docetaxel and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the effect of dose of docetaxel on the prognosis,and log-rank method was used to test the significance of the results.Results The median OS was respectively 24.1,18.5 and 23.5 months in the low-dose group,middle-dose group and high-dose group,respectively.The median PFS was 5.3 months in all three groups,which didn't show statistically significant differences.The incidence of grade 3/4 adverse reactions in the low-dose group,middle-dose group and high-dose group was 15 cases (34.9％),8 cases (38.1％) and 5 cases (45.5％) respectively.It showed an increasing trend,but no statistically significant difference.The single factors related to OS mainly include the effective time of first-line endocrine therapy,hemoglobin level,ECOG score,pain score,number of cycles of chemotherapy,there was no significant correlation with age,docetaxel dose,ALP and PSA value.Conclusions It is common to receive lower doses of docetaxel in clinical practice for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in China.The efficacy of low-dose docetaxel is similar to that of high doses (standard dosage).There was no significant correlation between the OS and the actual dose of docetaxel in the tolerable range.

Objective To improve the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis of renal vein tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma (RCC),the clinical characteristics of RCC with misdiagnosis of renal vein tumor thrombus (RVTT) were analyzed.Methods Clinical data of 128 patients with RCC accompanied with RVTT from January 2000 to September 2015 were studied retrospectively.According to whether RVTT failed to be detected preoperatively,all patients were divided into 39 cases of misdiagnosis group and 89 cases of no misdiagnosis group.Forty cases of RCC with pathologically confirmed no RVTT were selected as no tumor thrombus group from January 2015 to June 2015.Misdiagnosis group included 29 males and 10 females,with age of (61.4 ± 11.1) years old,body mass index of (26.74 ±3.12) kg/m2,KPS ＜80 in 2 cases,paraneoplastic syndrome and Mayo grade 0 in 1 case.No misdiagnosis group consisted of 74 males and 15 females,with age of (60.2 ± 9.7) years old,body mass index of (25.12 ± 1.93) kg/m2,KPS ＜ 80 in 5 cases,paraneoplastic syndrome and Mayo grade 0 in 7 cases.No tumor thrombus group comprised of 31 males and 9 females,with age of (59.5 ± 10.7) years old,body mass index of (24.48 ± 2.56) kg/m2,KPS ＜ 80 in 3 cases,and paraneoplastic syndrome in 3 cases.There was no significant difference in general clinical data between misdiagnosis group and no misdiagnosis group,and misdiagnosis group and no tumor thrombus group (P ＞ 0.05).The tumor location,tumor diameter and imaging data were compared between misdiagnosis group and no misdiagnosis group,and misdiagnosis group and no tumor thrombus group.Results There was no significant difference in term of tumor locating in the middle pole [56.4％ (22/39) vs.38.2％ (34/89)],tumor with collateral vessels [33.3％ (13/39) vs.31.5％ (28/89)] and renal vein contrast agents filling defect [42.9％ (9/21) vs.61.8％ (21/34)] between misdiagnosis group and no misdiagnosis group (P ＞ 0.05).The proportion of renal tumor locating in the middle pole,tumor with collateral vessels and renal vein contrast agents filling defect in misdiagnosis group was significantly higher than that of no tumor thrombus group [30.0％ (12/40),P =0.018;10.0％ (4/40),P =0.012;16.7％ (4/24),P =0.002].Conclusions RVTT is vulnerable of misdianosis in RCC.It should be alert to the possibility of complicating tumor thrombus in the presence of renal tumor locating in the middle pole,renal tumor with collateral vessels and renal vein contrast agents filling defect.The clinical understanding of these features should be improved.

Objectives:To evaluate the clinical value of the Paris system for reporting urinary cytology (TPS) in the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma (UC).Methods:A total of 1 744 cytological diagnostic records (from 751 cases) were collected retrospectively. All specimens were voided urines and histopathology as the gold standard. The sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytological diagnosis of UC and risk of high grade malignant (ROHM) in each diagnostic category were compared.Results:There were 360 cases with histopathology. The percentage of negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (NHGUC) was 30.1% (226/751), atypical urothelial cells (AUC) was 29.8% (224/751), suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (SHGUC) was 16.8% (126/751), high grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) was 21.2% (159/751), and non-urothelial malignancy (NUM) was 2.1% (16/751). The histpathologic ROHM corresponding to each cytological diagnosis category were 27.3% for NHGUC, 32.7% for AUC, 74.7% for SHGUC, 96.6% for HGUC and 100.0% for NUM, respectively. ROHM of SHGUC was significantly higher than that of AUC group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P＜0.001). ROHM of HGUC group was significantly higher than that of SHGUC group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P＜0.001). With SHGUC as the cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity of cytological diagnosis of HGUC were 76.7% (165/215) and 85.7% (18/21), and with HGUC as the cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity of cytological diagnosis of HGUC were 53.0% (114/215) and 100.0% (21/21), respectively. Conclusions:Urine cytology has high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of HGUC. The malignant risk of TPS varies with different diagnosis category. The high malignant risk population in cancer hospital leads to the relatively high malignant proportion and ROHM in each diagnosis category. Urinary cytology TPS reporting system is helpful to clinical management and has good clinical application value.

Objectives:To evaluate the clinical value of the Paris system for reporting urinary cytology (TPS) in the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma (UC).Methods:A total of 1 744 cytological diagnostic records (from 751 cases) were collected retrospectively. All specimens were voided urines and histopathology as the gold standard. The sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytological diagnosis of UC and risk of high grade malignant (ROHM) in each diagnostic category were compared.Results:There were 360 cases with histopathology. The percentage of negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (NHGUC) was 30.1% (226/751), atypical urothelial cells (AUC) was 29.8% (224/751), suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (SHGUC) was 16.8% (126/751), high grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) was 21.2% (159/751), and non-urothelial malignancy (NUM) was 2.1% (16/751). The histpathologic ROHM corresponding to each cytological diagnosis category were 27.3% for NHGUC, 32.7% for AUC, 74.7% for SHGUC, 96.6% for HGUC and 100.0% for NUM, respectively. ROHM of SHGUC was significantly higher than that of AUC group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P＜0.001). ROHM of HGUC group was significantly higher than that of SHGUC group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P＜0.001). With SHGUC as the cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity of cytological diagnosis of HGUC were 76.7% (165/215) and 85.7% (18/21), and with HGUC as the cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity of cytological diagnosis of HGUC were 53.0% (114/215) and 100.0% (21/21), respectively. Conclusions:Urine cytology has high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of HGUC. The malignant risk of TPS varies with different diagnosis category. The high malignant risk population in cancer hospital leads to the relatively high malignant proportion and ROHM in each diagnosis category. Urinary cytology TPS reporting system is helpful to clinical management and has good clinical application value.

Purpose: Reduced quality of life after cystectomy has made bladder preservation a popular research topic for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Previous research has indicated significant tumor downstaging after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). However, maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) was performed before NAC to define the pathology, impacting the real evaluation of NAC. This research aimed to assess real NAC efficacy without interference from TURBT and apply combined modality therapies guided by NAC efficacy. Materials and Methods: Patients with cT2-4aN0M0 MIBC were confirmed by cystoscopic biopsy and imaging. NAC efficacy was assessed by imaging, urine cytology, and cystoscopy with multidisciplinary team discussion. Definite responders (≤ T1) underwent TURBT plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Incomplete responders underwent radical cystectomy or partial cystectomy if feasible. The primary endpoint was the bladder preservation rate. Results: Fifty-nine patients were enrolled, and the median age was 63 years. Patients with cT3-4 accounted for 75%. The median number of NAC cycles was three. Definite responders were 52.5%. The complete response (CR) was 10.2%, and 59.3% of patients received bladder-sparing treatments. With a median follow-up of 44.6 months, the 3-year overall survival (OS) was 72.8%. Three-year OS and relapse-free survival were 88.4% and 60.0% in the bladder-sparing group but only 74.3% and 37.5% in the cystectomy group. The evaluations of preserved bladder function were satisfactory. Conclusion After stratifying MIBC patients by NAC efficacy, definite responders achieved a satisfactory bladder-sparing rate, prognosis, and bladder function. The CR rate reflected the real NAC efficacy for MIBC. This therapy is worth verifying through multicenter research.