OBJECTIVETo study the molecular types of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a severe food-poisoning and to trace the possible strains.

METHODSReal-time PCR was applied to detect nuc gene as a specific marker for S. aureus, mecA gene encoding methicillin resistance and 5 other genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb, see, sed, see). Isolates were also performed with 16S rRNA oligonucleotide sequence analyzing by DNAStar MegAlign 5.0 software and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) by BioNumerics Version 4.0 software.

RESULTSThe nuc gene was detected from the 10 isolated strains, sea and seb genes were detected from 7 strains. There were 4 16 S rRNA types and 5 PFGE types found from all the strains.

CONCLUSIONSThree relative S. aureus strains were involved in the severe food-poisoning at least. Molecular subtyping might give a molecular epidemiological evidence and support the source tracing of an outbreak.

Bacterial Typing Techniques ; China ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Enterotoxins ; Humans ; Staphylococcal Food Poisoning ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo examine the vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluTs: VGluT1-VGluT3) in the peripheral vestibular system.

METHODSThe vestibular structures, including Scarpa's ganglion (vestibular ganglion, VG), maculae of utricle and saccule, and ampullary cristae, from normal Sprague-Dawley rats were processed immunohistochemically for VGluTs, by avidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex method, with 3-3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) as chromogen.

RESULTS(1) VGluT1 was localized to partial neurons of VG and to the putative primary afferent fibers innervating vestibular end-organs. (2) Intense VGluT3 immunoreactivity was detected in large number of sensory epithelia cells, and weak labeling of VGluT3-positive afferent fibers was in the maculae and ampullary cristae. (3) No or very weak VGluT2 immunoreactivity was observed in the VG and acoustic maculae.

CONCLUSIONThese results provide the morphological support that glutamate exists in the peripheral vestibular system, and it may play an important role in the centripetal vestibular transmission.

Acoustic Maculae ; metabolism ; Animals ; Neurons ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins ; classification ; metabolism ; Vestibule, Labyrinth ; metabolism ; Vestibulocochlear Nerve ; cytology ; metabolism

Objective To evaluate the application value of identification on drown by detection 16SrDNA of the diatoms in rabbits' internal organs in summer month of July and winter month of December in YongJiang River of Ningbo. Methods 60 Rabbits were randomly and medially divided into three groups in summer and winter: drowning group, postmortem immersion group and using only lethal aeroembolism as control group. Specimen including heart, liver, lung and kidney from each rabbit were tested with diatom 16SrDNA PCR method. Results Compared with postmortem immersion group, detection rate of diatom 16SrDNA of heart, liver, lung, renal tissue in drowning group was significantly higher than that in summer month of July (P<0.05), In December, the 16SrDNA of the drowning group was detected in heart and lung tissues, There was no significant difference compared with postmortem immersion group (P>0.05) In summer month of July, detection rate of 16SrDNA of heart, liver, lung, renal tissues in drowning group was significantly higher than that in winter month of December (P<0.05). Diatom 16SrDNA of heart, liver, lung, kidney tissues in air embolism group were not detected In summer month of July and winter month of December. Conclusion With the higher detection rate of diatom 16SrDNA in drowning rabbit in summer, the diatom 16SrDNA PCR method can be used for the diagnosis of drowning in Yongjiang River of Ningbo; while in winter , it should be carefully apllied with the lower detection rate of diatom 16SrDNA.

Objective With double-labeling technique, the present study aims to observe the effects of nerve transection on the trigeminal motoneurons innervating masseter with regard to the expression of high-affinity neurotrophin receptors, viz. tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) receptors: TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. Methods 7 and 14 d following masseteric nerve transection in the rat, brain sections were processed immunohistochemically for the detection of the three Trk isoforms on the motor trigeminal nucleus ( Mo5 ) neurons, which were retrogradely identified with FluoroGold (FG). Results The results showed ( 1 ) no significant change in the percentage of TrkA-immunoreactive (IR) neurons to the total FG-la-beled neurons ( P ＞ 0.05 ), (2) up-regulation of TrkB at both 7 and 14 d after axotomy ( P ＜ 0.05 ) and ( 3 ) down-regu-lation of TrkC 14 d following nerve transection (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion The expression of the individual Trk receptors on the Mo5 neurons were differentially regulated post masseteric nerve transection.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the value of grOEL gene sequence in phylogenetic analysis and typing of Salmonella.

METHODSThe grOEL gene was amplified by PCR, sequenced and analyzed using Bioedit and DNAstar software. The Salmonella strains were identified using PCR-restriction fragment length polymophism (PCR-RFLP).

RESULTSThe conservative and variable regions of grOEL gene of Salmonella serogroup were separately distributed and most of the small mutant regions distributed intermittently among the conservative regions. The phylogenetic tree of Salmonella based on the nucleotides differed from that generated based on the amino acid sequence. O8, O9 and O10 had the closest consanguinity, and 5 patterns were identified by PCR-RFLP.

CONCLUSIONThe grOEL gene can be used as a genetic marker for phylogenetic analysis of Salmonella and also as a target sequence for Salmonella typing identification.

Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Chaperonin 60 ; genetics ; DNA, Bacterial ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Salmonella ; classification ; genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Objective To research the distribution and molecular epidemiology of insertion sequence IS1301 in Neisseria (N.) meningitidis strains in China, so as to provide scientific and available evidence for a new method of genotyping in N.meningitidis strains with IS1301. Methods Examined the IS1301 by PCR in 219 N.meningitidis strains from 16 provinces and 3 cities during 2007 and 2008 in China, productions of amplification were sent for sequencing. The positive N.meningitidis strains were analyzed by pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and nucleic acid blotting hybridization(Southern blot) by electrophoresis. Results The positive rates with IS1301 were 15.53%, 11.11%, 20.75%, 6.17% and 28.57% for four serotypes (A, B, C, N) respectively. The sequence comparability between the amplification productions and No.Z49092.1 N.meningitidis which registered in GenBank was 94%-100%. There were two types of clusters devided by cladogram analysis. There appeared large IS1301 sequence difference between the serotype C and others. The number of IS1301 replica ranged from 6-17 per strain at least. The number of IS1301 replica changed in the same type of PFGE N.meningitidis respectively. Conclusion Typing by IS1301 combined with PFGE could comprehend the homology and genetic polymorphism of N.meningitidis epidemic strains at the molecular level.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of improving the sensitivity of DNA detection by increasing the PCR cycle index and decreasing the volume of amplifying system. METHODS: The DNA of semen were collected from 10 healthy irrelevant volunteers, and were quantified to 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 pg/microL, separately. All samples were then amplified in 10, 5, 3 microL volume and at 28, 30, 32, 34, 36 cycles, respectively. 3130 genetic analyzer was used to detect 15 autosomal STR loci. RESULTS: Under the situation of 28 cycles and 3 microL volume, samples which achieved > 40 pg/microL could be correctly typed. Under the situation of 10, 5, 3 microL volume, samples which achieved > 20 pg/microL could be correctly typed at 34 cycles. When increasing the index to 36 cycles, they could not be correctly typed because of the non-specific band. CONCLUSION DNA detecting sensitivity can be improved to a certain extent by increasing the cycle index and decreasing the volume of amplifying system.
DNA/genetics* ; DNA Fingerprinting/methods* ; Feasibility Studies ; Forensic Genetics/methods* ; Humans ; Limit of Detection ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods* ; Semen/chemistry* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Tandem Repeat Sequences

Objective To investigate personal identification of mixed seminal stain of two individuals, we combined the detection of genotyping autosomal, Y and X STR and sequencing mtDNA hypervariable Ⅰ (HV Ⅰ ) region. Methods We analyzed autosomal, Y and X STR with commercial kit and separating and sequencing HVⅠfragments of mixed seminal stain from two males by SSCP electrophoresis. Results Four genetic markers of the high amount sample can be obtained when mixed ratio is more than 1:10. When the proportion of two samples is close, the suspect could be excluded or, to some extent, identified by comparing with our results. Conclusion The combined detection of four genetic marker systems can, to some degree, solve the personal identification from mixed seminal stain of two individuals.

Objective To explore recurrent mechanism and combined treatment for the patients with recurrent intracranial aneurysms. Methods Clinical manifestations and image data of 18 patients with intracranial aneurysms (13 anterior and 5 posterior communicating artery aneurysms)who were treated with aneurysm clipping or endovascular interventional therapy from 1997 to 2004 were comprehensively analyZed to establish individual combined treatment strategies.In the 18 recurrent cases,15 underwent again endovascular embolotherapy,4 were implanted intracranial stent due to wide-necked aneurysm, and 3 received clipping operation. Results Intravascular embolotherapy and clipping operation were both successful in these patients. All cases achieved satisfactory recovery except that 1 case died and 2 suffered from hemiplegia. Conclusions The combined treatment strategies based on individual characteristics of current aneurysms,such as surgical clipping,endovascular therapy combined with stenting,can improve post-operative quality,of patients'life and decrease mortality.

Objective To evaluate the significance of liver biopsy and B ultrasonograpgy in the diagnosis of fatty liver. Methods The results of 62 patients with liver steatosis diagnosed by liver puncture biopsy but not by B-ultrasonograpgy were contrastively analyzed and combined with liver function, blood lipids, blood glucose, and body mass index. Results The 62 cases which were not diagnosed as fatty liver by B-ultrasonograpgy were proved to be 5％-33％liver steatosis after liver puncture biopsy. Among the 62 cases, 23 cases were indicated by the B-ultrasonograpgy that the liver parenchyma echo did not see abnormalities, 18 cases showed the liver parenchyma echo slightly was enlarged, 17 cases showed the liver parenchyma echo density was a bit enhanced and 4 cases were diffuse liver damage,which respectively were 37.01％、29.03％、27.42％and 6.45％. Pathologically it indicated that 45 cases were 5％≤liver steatosis≤19％. Among the 45 cases, 18 cases were indicated by the B-ultrasonograpgy that the liver parenchyma echo was not seen abnormalities, 8 cases showed the liver parenchyma echo slightly was enlarged, 17 cases showed the liver parenchyma echo density was a bit enhanced, and 2 cases were diffuse liver damage, and the change of ultrasound was mainly showed by the liver parenchyma echo not seen abnormalities and the enhanced liver parenchyma echo density. Pathologically it indicated that 17 cases were 20％≤liver steatosis≤33％, 6 cases were indicated by the B-ultrasonograpgy that the liver parenchyma echo did not see abnormalities, 5 cases showed the liver parenchyma echo slightly was enlarged, 5 cases showed the liver parenchyma echo density was a bit enhanced, and 1 case was diffuse liver damage, and the change of ultrasound was mainly showed by the liver parenchyma echo not seen abnormalities, the slightly enlarged liver parenchyma echo and the enhanced liver parenchyma echo density. By analyzing the influence to the ultrasound changes by patients' liver function, body mass index, blood fat and blood sugar, and with logistic regression analysis through a disorderly classification, it was found that the larger value of the glutamine transferase, alkaline phosphatase, body mass index, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, the higher possibility of diffuse liver damage, and the higher level of fatty degeneration, the higher possibility of diffuse liver damage. Conclusion In the diagnosis of fatty liver, when the fatty degeneration is below 1/3, B-ultrasonic examination can't show characteristic changes of fatty liver. It should be closely observed or take liver puncture biopsy to make a definite diagnosis of fatty liver.