Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is commonly transmitted through blood transfu-sion, sexual contact and mother-to-child transmission. The number of patients with HIV infection has kept growing in the last three decades. Although the wide application of antiretroviral therapy ( ART) has effec-tively suppressed the replication of HIV, the emergence of drug resistant mutants compromises the efficacy of ART. What is worse is that there has been transmission of drug resistance strains in ART-na?ve HIV-infected individuals. This review describes the distribution of transmitted drug resistance strains in different regions and high risk population as well as the factors associated with the transmission in recent years.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and frailty among middle-aged and elderly populations, so as to provide insights into the early identification and prevention of frailty. Methods: Based on the 2018 database of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), demographic information, lifestyle and self-rated health status were collected from people aged 50 years and older. Depression symptoms were evaluated using the Short Version of Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scales (CES-D-10), and the frailty status was evaluated using frailty index. The relationship between depressive symptoms and frailty among middle-aged and elderly populations were using a multivariable logistic regression model, and the dose-response relationship was analyzed using a restricted cubic spline model. Results: A total of 5 172 individuals were enrolled, including 2 495 males (48.24%) and 2 677 females (51.76%), with a median age of 63.00 (interquartile range, 12.00) years, a median CES-D-10 score of 7.00 (interquartile range, 9.00) scores. There were 1 560 participants (30.16%) detected with mild depressive symptoms, 360 participants (6.96%) detected with moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for gender, age, educational level, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption and self-rated health status, participants who had mild depressive symptoms (OR=4.226, 95%CI: 3.625-4.928) and moderate to severe depressive symptoms (OR=10.737, 95%CI: 8.259-13.958) had a higher risk of frailty. The restricted cubic spline model showed a nonlinear relationship between depressive symptoms and frailty among middle-aged and elderly populations. When the CES-D-10 scores were greater than 7, the risk of frailty increased with higher CES-D-10 scores. Conclusion The degree of depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly people is associated with frailty, and there is a nonlinear relationship between the two.

Objective To evaluate the impact of vagal denervation (VD) that is derived from circumferential ablation of pulmonary vein ostium for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) on the therapeutic results. Methods A total of 50 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation were enrolled in this study. Circumferential ablation of pulmonary vein ostium was carried out in all the patients. The end point of ablation was pulmonary vein electricity isolation. The patients in whom VD occurred during the performance of ablation were regarded as VD- positive group (n = 19), and the remaining patients were used as VD- negative group (n = 31). The recurrence rate of AF six months after the treatment was recorded, and the results were compared between the two groups. Results The end point of ablation was successfully achieved in all the fifty cases. Six months after the ablation, the therapeutic effect of VD- positive group was significantly better than that of VD- negative group (84.21% vs 64.51%, P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion The vagal denervation effect that is derived from circumferential ablation of pulmonary vein ostium in treating AF can significantly increase the success rate of radiofrequency ablation for AF.

Teacher student relationship is the most important part in educational activities.It’s quality and quantity have a significant impact on educational and teaching effectiveness.This article aims to analyze the exiting status of the relationship between the tutors and the postgraduates in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, focusing on the some main factors which affect the said relationship, including education environment factor, tutor factor, postgrad-uate factor and etc., and combining the characteristics of Medical Colleges’studying.On the basis of the concerned survey, this article initially discusses the key issues during the establishment of the harmony relationship between tutors and postgraduates.

Objective Published literatures on the relationship between IL-13 gene polymorphism and the susceptibility of children to bronchial asthma in China were comprehensively analyzed with the use of Meta-analysis to evaluate this relationship.Methods The data were collected from the Medline database,Ovid database,the Cochrane library,and Chinese Biomedical database,and the references of eligible studies were manually screened.Published data related to case-control studies reporting the link between IL-13 polymorphisms and asthma in Chinese children were retrieved through those database.Meta-analysis was conducted to determine whether the IL-13 gene polymorphisms were associated with asthma.Results Eighteen studies were finally accepted for analysis.There were three studies focusing on C-1 112T polymorphism,and six studies focusing on C + 1923T polymorphism,and fourteen studies focusing on G + 2044A polymorphism.There was no evidence to confirm that the genotypes in position IL-13-1112 C/T were associated with asthma in Chinese children [odds ratio(OR) =1.00,95％ CI 0.82-1.22,P =0.98].The OR of asthma for TT/CC genotypes was 1.15 (95 ％ CI 0.57-2.33,P =0.69) and for CT/CC was 1.01 (95 ％ CI 0.82-1.25,P =0.89).There was significant evidence to confirm that the genotypes in position + 1923 C/T were associated with asthma in Chinese children(OR =1.86,95％ CI 1.29-2.67,P =0.000 9).The OR of asthma for TT/CC genotypes was 2.12 (95 ％ CI 1.27-3.56,P =0.004) and for TC/CC was 1.67 (95％ CI 1.18-2.35,P =0.003).There was no correlation between IL-13 + 2044G/A polymorphism and the susceptibility (OR =1.33,95％ CI 0.94-1.88,P =0.11).The OR of asthma for AA/GG genotypes was 1.30 (95 ％ CI 0.76-2.20,P =0.34) and for AG/GG was 1.24(95％ CI 0.90-1.70,P =0.19).Conclusions IL-13 gene + 1923 TT and TC genotypes should be associated with susceptibility of asthma in Chinese children,and the T allele could increase the risk of asthma.No clear relationship was found between the genotype TT/TC at the IL-13-1112 site and the incidence of asthma of children in China,and so was the genotype AA/AG at the IL-13 +2044 site and the incidence.

Objective To study the surgical treatment of multilevel arterial occlusion of lower extremities. Methods Single or jumping arterial bypass using grafting and percuteneous transluminal angioplasty(PTA)and stenting combined with infrainguinal revascularization were used for the multilevel arterial occlusion in 25 lower extremities. Results 25 cases showed satisfactory results in 6 months to 3 years follow-up. Postoperatively,the ischemia symptoms of limbs were improved or disappeared,4 toes were amputared because of preoperative dry gangrene,the wounds received eurement in a 2 to 4 months,2 graftings became occluded in 6 months postoperation. There were no procedural or postoperative morbidity or mortality.The cumulative patency rate of grafting was 92%(23/25),The rate of curement was 100%.Conclusion According to the individual principle,it is an effective therapy method to choose single or jumping arterial bypass and PTA and stenting combined with infrainguinal revascularization for high risk patients with multilevel arterial occlusion.

Congresses as Topic ; Hearing Tests ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Neonatal Screening

Circulating nitric oxide(NO)and endothelin (ET) levels were determined in 30 normal subjects and 63 diabetic patients.The results showed that:serum NO level was significantly higher in DM I group(68.66?12.37?mol/L)and DM Ⅱ group(63.43?11.09?mol/L)than in normal subjects(44. 92?9.04?mol/L,P0.05).Plasma ET level was markedly elevated in DM Ⅰ group(68.92?11.96ng/L,P

Objective To compare the infectivity between laboratory adapted human inununodefi- ciency virus(HIV-1) and primary HIV-1 isolates for different mucosal epithelial cell lines. Methods Mu-cosal epithelial cells Caco-2, T-84, HeLa and lymphocyte MT-4 were infected with laboratory adapted HIV-1 SF33 and 2 primary HIV-1 isolates (02010561, 02010141). Culture supernatant and cells were collected respectively on 3-4 days interval after virus inoculation. The former was tested for HIV-1 antigen P24 level and viral load, and the latter was tested for total viral DNA and integrated viral DNA. Results All 3 virus strains could infect MT-4 cells and integrate into their genome. Only HIV-1 SF33 could infect Caco-2 cells but could not integrate into their genomic DNA. Both HIV-1 SF33 and 02010561 infected HeLa cells but only integration of HIV-1 SF33 was detected. All the 3 HIV-1 strains infected T-84 cells but only the integra-tion of HIV-1 SF33 and 02010141 was observed. Conclusion Although laboratory adapted and primary HIV-1 strains are able to infect human mucosal epithelial cell lines, transient or productive infection estab-lished in different mucosal epithelial cells is dependent on the character of cells and virus strains.

At present, majority of the small molecular drugs used in clinics target proteins, they exert the efficacy through the binding to specific sites on the target protein. However, the "druggable" protein targets account for a small portion of the total number of proteins, and "non-druggable" proteins account for 80%, because of not having suitable drug binding sites. In the central rule, RNA is located in the upstream of proteins and controls the transcription of proteins. The research of small molecule drugs targeting RNA can solve the problem of protein "undruggable proteins" in some extent. This review summarizes the representative research achievements of small molecular drugs targeting RNA in recent years, and the screening methods applied to this field, with the focuses on the latest progress of small molecular drugs targeting novel coronavirus RNA.