International Cooperation ; International Educational Exchange ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Objective　Recently,it was reported the analy sis of bone free radical by using electron spin resonance (ESR),so this article aimed to determine the changes of bone free radical in fluoresis rats.Methods　To analyze the free radical level of bone in fluoresis rats fed with different dose of calcium by ESR method.Results　The free radical of bone in the group of low ca lcium level and the group low calcium+fluorides was higher than that in the cont rol group (P<0.01),but that in normal animal feeds (calcium-rich)+fluoride group was lower than that in the control group.Conclusions　Low doses of fluoride did not resulted in the increase of free radical in calcium-rich condition at short time,but at low calcium condition,fluoride could increase the level of free radical,these suggested that simple overdose of fluoride did not change the level of free radical of bone.

Objective To improve the diagnosis and treatment of ureteral cancer. Methods A retrospective analysis of 24 cases of primary ureteral cancer treated from January 1990 to March 2005 was performed.The diagnostic value of ultrasound,IVU,CT,MRU and the patients' outcomes were reviewed. There were 19 males and 5 females aged 38-72 years(mean,59 years).The tumors were on the left side in 16 cases and on the right in 8.Of the 24 cases,17(71%)had gross hematuria and 7(29%)had micro- scopic hematuria.Urine cytology was performed in 16 cases with a positive rate of 6.3%.B-ultrasonic exami- nation showed hydronephrosis in 19 cases(79%)and low-echo space-occupying disease of middle-inferior ureter in 3(12%).IVU demonstrated hydronephrosis in 20 cases(83%)and filling defect of the diseased ureter in 3(12%).Retrograde pyelography showed filling defect of the diseased ureter in 16(76%)of 21 cases(5 cases had failure of intubation).CT scan was performed in 20 cases,indicating thickening of the ureteral wall and infiltration of the cancer in 14(70%).In 3 cases who had undergone spiral CT thin layer scan and 1 of 3 cases who had undergone MRU,the definite diagnosis was made.Results All the 24 pa- tients underwent surgical treatment.Among them,nephroureterectomy and bladder cuff or partial resection were performed in 18 cases,and nephrectomy and partial ureterectomy in 6 cases.Postoperative pathology showed transitional cell carcinoma in 23 cases,and adenoma in 1.Of the 14 cases during 1990-1999 peri- od,1,5,3,2,2 and 1 cases had survival time of 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 years,respectively.Of the 10 cases during 2000-2005 period,3 were lost to follow-up;2 survived for 3 years and 2,for 1 year;the other 3 who have survived near 5 years have been followed till now.Conclusions IVU and retrograde urography are the most common diagnostic measures for primary ureteral cancer.They can be used in combination with other imaging study to reduce missed diagnosis rate.The 5-year survival rate was lower because of late pathologic stage of the tumors in the patients of this series.

OBJECTIVETo explore material bases and neurobiological mechanisms of "Shen storing will" by observing learning and memory capacities and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor expressions in Shen deficiency constitution (SDC) rats.

METHODSTotally 40 SD rats were randomly divided into the model group, the Zuogui Pill (ZP) group, the Yougui Pill (YP) group, the blank control group (consisting of normal pregnant rats), 10 in each group. SDC young rat model (inherent deficiency and postnatal malnutrition) was prepared by the classic way of "cat scaring rat". Medication started when they were scared by cat. Rats in the ZP group and the YP group were administered by gastrogavage with ZP suspension 0.1875 g/mL and YP suspension 0.0938 g/mL respectively. Equal volume of normal saline was administered to rats in the blank control group and the model group by gastrogavage. All medication was given once per day, 5 days in a week for 2 consecutive months. Learning and memory capacities were detected by Morris water maze test. Expressions of NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B in hippocamus were detected by immunohistochemical method.

RESULTSCompared with the blank control group, the latency period, total distance in Morris water maze test were longer in the model group (P < 0.05). All the aforesaid indices all decreased in the ZP group and the YP group, with statistical difference when compared with the model group (P < 0.05). The protein expressions of NR2A and NR2B in hippocamus were lower in the model group than in the blank control group (P < 0.05). But when compared with the model group, they were obviously higher in the ZP group and the YP group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSSDC rats had degenerated learning and memory capacities and lowered NMDA receptor expressions. ZP and YP could up-regulate learning and memory capacities and NMDA receptor expressions, thereby improving deterioration of brain functions in SDC rats.

Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Learning ; drug effects ; Memory ; drug effects ; Pregnancy ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; metabolism ; Up-Regulation

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury ( MI/RI) is a pathophysiological phenomenon commonly seen during thromboly-sis, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty ( PTCA ) , and coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG ) . It is defined as restoration of blood flow to a previously ischemic region followed by complex pathological events leading to tissue injury greater than the original ischemic insult. Many experimental interven-tions have been reported to protect the ischemic myocardium in experimental animals; however, with the exception of early reperfusion, none has been translated into clinical practice. The root of Panax notoginseng ( Burk. ) F. H. Chen ( PN) is one of the iconic herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional pharmacopeia recommended it among the most efficacious herbs for‘promoting blood circulation ’ and hemostasis. Inspired by this, in the last decade, a large number of modern investigators made substantial efforts to search the PN activities against a vari-ety of MIRI. The systematic review was performed according to the protecting drug of the MIRI development guidelines.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological features, treatment modalities, and prognostic factors for survival in patients with urinary tract small cell carcinoma (UT-SCC).Methods A total of 25 patients treated from June 2000 to December 2014 were included in the retrospective study.The data included age, gender, primary tumors origins, stage, treatment modalities, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), pathology and immunohistochemistry.Of these cases, 22 were male, and the other was female, whose age was 45-79 years (mean age 67).20 cases small cell carcinoma of bladder patients and 2 small cell carcinoma of prostate cancer patients were included.The number of small cell carcinoma in pelvis,ureter and retroperitoneal was 1 respectively.The patients with small cell carcinoma of the urinary tract were classified as disease and extensive disease.17 bladder small cell carcinomas were limited disease and 3 cases were extensive disease;Prostate small cell carcinomas were both extensive disease;The small cell carcinomas in pelvis, ureter were limited disease;The small cell carcinoma in retroperitoneal was extensive disease.10 bladder small cell carcinomas which were limited disease received radical cystectomy.6 of 10 patients received etoposide and cisplatnum (EC).4 of 10 patients received gemcitabine and cisplatnum (GC).7 bladder small cell carcinomas patients who with limited disease refused to receive radical cystectomy in which 2 patients received TURBT and 5 patients received TURBT followed chemotherapy.Both prostate small cell carcinomas received chemoradiotherapy.2 small cell carcinomas in upper urinary tract (pelvis and ureter) received radical nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection.The patient of retroperitoneal small cell carcinoma received percutaneous nephrostomy after biopsy.The progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of these patients are analyzed;the influence of TURBT with adjuvant chemotherapy and clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed in median PFS and OS.PFS and OS were compared between groups as a function of time, using a Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis and the log-rank significance test.All statistical tests were two-sided, and P values ＜ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results 25 patients with a pathologic confirmation of UT-SCC,either by biopsy or surgery,were finally included.These patients were classified as pure UT-SCC (14) and Mixed UT-SCC (11).Mixed UT-SCC was defined as tumors containing both SCC and non-SCC components,regardless of the proportion of the latter.13 cases were strongly positive and 3 cases were weakly positive in neuron specific enolase (NSE) level.8 cases were strongly positive and 2 cases were weakly positive in CgA level.Patients with limited disease experienced a significant longer PFS and OS compared with extensive disease subjects (PFS 13.2 vs.7.8 x2=13.53 P＜0.01;OS27.2 vs.12.7x2=19.88 P＜0.01).Patients with bladder SCC showed a significantly higher median PFS and OS compared with patients with SCC of other parts of urinary tract (PFS 12.8 vs.8.2 x2 =12.00, P =0.001;OS 26.3 vs.13.2 x2 =14.45,P ＜0.01) .The two different chemotherapy regimens (GC and EC) have no influence on survival (PFS: 16.3 vs.12.5,x2 =3.34, P =0.07;OS 29.5 vs.22.8, x2 =1.66, P =0.198).TURBT followed by adjuvant therapy have no influence on survival (PFS 14.5 vs.12.0 t =1.30 P =0.251;OS 24.5 vs.28.4 t =0.50,P =0.636).Conclusions The primary tumors origins and stage may have influence on survival in patients with UT-SCC.Patients with bladder small cell carcinoma and limited disease experienced a longer survival.

Ergosterol is the important component of the fungal membrane, and having stable structure. This makes it a suitable indicator for growth of fungi. In the paper, isolation and determination techniques of ergosterol as the indicator of the fungal biomass were reviewed. The methods of extracting ergosterol include traditional saponification and refluxing, rapid physical disruption, rapid ultrasonication, supercritical fluid extraction and so on. The ergosterol determination methods are high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and thin-layer chromatography, et al. The application of these techniques was also introduced. Finally, the paper prospected the feasibility of applying the ergosterol as the indicator of fungal biomass in composting.

Objective To summarize the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS),its components and T1 stage with high grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) of the Bladder.Methods The clinical data of 200 patients with T1 high grade bladder cancer who were admitted to our hospital from January 2010 to June 2014 were retrospectively analyzed,including 155 males and 45 females.Ages were 24 to 86 years old,average 66 years old.Based on the history or blood glucose levels,patients were divided into diabetic group (n =41) (20.5％) and non diabetes group 159 cases (79.5％);According to the body mass index (BMI) were divided into obese group (≥25 kg / m2) of 98 cases (49.0％) and non obese group (＜ 25 kg / m2) of 102 cases (51.0％).According to the blood pressure level,71 cases (35.5％) were divided into hypertension group and 129 cases of non hypertension group (64.5％).MS and its components and the relationship between the recurrence and progress of bladder cancer were analyzed.The Kaplan Meier method was used to assess MS and its components division of tumor progression free survival (progress-free survival,PFS) and recurrence free survival (recurrence-free survival,RFS) influence.Cox regression model of multi factor analysis were used to evaluate the PFS and RFs of MS and its components with bladder cancer.Results Of the 200 cases,16 cases (8.0％) were MS.Tumor recurrence occurred in 121 cases (60.5％),and 84 patients (42.0％) were in progress.Diabetes and non diabetes groups the average RFs were 21.7 and 29.3 months respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =10.115,P =0.001);The median PFS were 32.8 and 39.8 months respectively,the difference has statistical significance (x2 =14.760,P ＜0.001).Obese group and non obese group average RFs were 34.7 and 42.0 months respectively,and the difference were statistically significant (x2 =16.077,P ＜ 0.001);The median PFS were 22.8 and 32.6 months respectively,the difference was statistically significant (x2 =16.174,P＜0.001).The average RFS of MS group and non MS group were 21.5 and 28.4 months respectively,the difference was statistically significant (x2 =5.429,P =0.02);the average PFS was 35.1 and 38.7 months respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =3.854,P ＜ 0.05).Cox multivariate survival analysis showed that diabetes and obesity can increase the risk of recurrence and progression of T1 advanced stage bladder cancer (HR =1.792,P =0.013,HR =2.498,P ＜ 0.001;HR =0.559,P ＜ 0.001;HR =0.492,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusions Diabetes mellitus and obesity are high risk factors for the recurrence and progression of T1 advanced stage bladder cancer,but MS is not related to the prognosis of T1 patients with advanced bladder cancer.

The damage of tissue increases dramatically after reperfusion of blood supply to ischemic tissues.Immune response is one of the key reasons of ischemia-reperfusion injury.Th1 /Th2 generally stays balanced in normal states.Under the envi-ronment of ischemia reperfusion,Th1 /Th2 shifting let Th1 domi-nant to mediate cellular immunity.Excessive immune reaction may cause cell apoptosis and tissue damage.Recent studies showed that induction of transferring Th1 dominant to Th2 domi-nant was feasible for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion inju-ry.With the progress of modern drug development paradigm“multi-composition,multi-target”,Chinese medicine has advan-tages in treating complex diseases.This paper summarizes the research of the relationship between Th1 /Th2 imbalance and is-chemia-reperfusion injury,together with the prospects of tradi-tional Chinese medicine with multi-target effect in ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome , its components and the histopathological findings in bladder cancer patients .Methods The data of 326 patients in our department between October 2010 and October 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.Age, gender, stature, weight, histologic stage, grade, and the presence of hypertension , diabetes mellitus, body mass index ( BMI) were evaluated.There were 64 females, 262 males, aged 23-89 years, including 241 low stage, 85 high stage, 155 low grade, and 171 high grade, respectively.There were 117 cases with hypertension, 95 cases with diabetes mellitus , 139 cases with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and 49 cases with metabolic syndrome.The TNM classification was used , with Ta and T1 tumor accepted as low stage , T2 , T3 and T4 tumor as high stage bladder cancer.In addition, the pathological grading system adopted by the 2004 World Health Organization was applied.Non-invasive papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential were regarded as low grade.Analyses were completed using Chi-square tests to evaluate the correlation of diabetes mellitus , hypertension and obesity with the pathologic stage and grade .Moreover , the pathologic stage , grade and recurrence were compared between metabolic syndrome and non-metabolic syndrome groups . Results Metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with histological grade and stage (P=0.001, P=0.011). Diabetes mellitus and obesity were also associated with histological grade and stage (P=0.006, P<0.01). Conclusions Patients with metabolic syndrome were found to have significant higher T stage and grade of bladder cancer .Diabetes mellitus and obesity may promote the grading and staging of bladder cancer .