Aim To study the relationship between theeffects of saponins of panax notoginseng(PNS)on fir-ing frequency and hyperpolarization potential in neu-rons.Methods Applieation of a depolarizing currentpulse to stellate ganglion(SG) neurons of rat evokedaction potentials(AP).These neurons were classifiedas phasic or tonic neurons on the basis of their firingpatterns.Then we investigated the effects of PNS on fir-ing pattern and frequency,after hyperpolarization po-tential(AHP) and fastexcitatory postsynaptic potential(f-EPSP) in high Ca2 +Krebs’solution of SG neuronsin rat.Results The firing frequency of tonic neuronswas reduced by PNS.At the concentration of0.12 ~0.16 g.L-1,PNS reversibly depressed AHP in a dosedependentmanner.And the aggrandizing action of highCa2 +on f-EPSP was antagonized by PNS.Conclusion PNS can reduce the firing frequency of rat SG neu-rons,but this action was not caused by reinforcement ofAHP potential.The restraining regulation of excitabili-ty of neurons by PNS may underlie its inhibitory actionon calcium influx.

Genome-Wide Association Study ; Genotype ; Humans ; Molecular Epidemiology ; methods

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of different concentrations of glucose on the differentiation of 3T3-L(1) and the expression of insig-1 and insig-2 mRNA, and to explore the effect of insulin-induced gene in the differentiation and formation of adipocytes and lipogenesis. METHODS: The 3T3-L(1) cells were induced to differentiate in high glucose concentration (25 mol/L G.S), low glucose concentration (5.5 mol/L G.S), and mannitol (19.5 mol/L Mannitol +5.5 mol/L G.S), respectively. The differentiation of 3T3-L(1) cells was examined by oil red "O" straining, and the expression of insig-1,insig-2 mRNA and AP2 mRNA was examined by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. RESULTS: With the differentiation of 3T3-L(1) cells, the expression of insig-1 and insig-2 mRNA was gradually up-regulated. The expression of insig-1 and insig-2 mRNA significantly increased while AP(2) mRNA decreased in the low glucose concentration inducing group and mannitol inducing group. In the high glucose concentration inducing group, the cell differentiation was poor (P<0.05). There was no difference between the low glucose concentration and the mannitol group in the differentiation of 3T3-L(1) cells, and in the expression of insig-1 and insig-2 and AP(2) mRNA. CONCLUSION Different concentrations of glucose may influence the cell differentiation and the low glucose concentration promotes insig-1 and insig-2 gene expression, which may lead to the inhibition of the differentiation and lipogenesis of preadipocytes.
3T3-L1 Cells ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Glucose ; pharmacology ; Membrane Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Mice ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics

In this review, we focused on a few obstacles that hinder three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting process in tissue engineering. One of the obstacles is the bioinks used to deliver cells. Hydrogels are the most widely used bioink materials; however, they aremechanically weak in nature and cannot meet the requirements for supporting structures, especially when the tissues, such as cartilage, require extracellular matrix to be mechanically strong. Secondly and more importantly, tissue regeneration is not only about building all the components in a way that mimics the structures of living tissues, but also about how to make the constructs function normally in the long term. One of the key issues is sufficient nutrient and oxygen supply to the engineered living constructs. The other is to coordinate the interplays between cells, bioactive agents and extracellular matrix in a natural way. This article reviews the approaches to improve the mechanical strength of hydrogels and their suitability for 3D bioprinting; moreover, the key issues of multiple cell lines coprinting with multiple growth factors, vascularization within engineered living constructs etc. were also reviewed.
Animals ; Bioprinting ; Cell Line ; Humans ; Hydrogels ; Nanoparticles ; Tissue Engineering

AIMTo study the expressions of scavenger receptor class B type I(SR-BI) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in atherosclerotic mini swine and provide a new mechanism for investigating the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

METHODSChinese mini swine were fed by a normal control diet or a high fat/high cholesterol diet for 12 months after common carotid artery injury induced by balloon denudation. Plasma total cholesterol(TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were determined by commercially enzymatic methods every two months. The sections, which were taken from liver and abdominal aorta, were stained with hematoxylin eosin. The expressions of SR-BI and PPARgamma mRNA and protein in liver and aorta tissue were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry respectively.

RESULTSAt the end of 12 months, plasma TC, HDL-C and TG in HFHC mini swine were increased. There were fatty liver and atherosclerotic plaque in mini swine live and aorta respectively. The expression of SR-BI was upregulated in HFHC mini swine liver and aorta tissue.

CONCLUSIONHFHC may induce atherosclerosis and the expression of SR-BI and PPARgamma. Upregulating SR-BI expression may inhibit atherosclerosis. Increasing SR-BI expression in liver and aorta may accelerate SR-BI-mediated reverse cholesterol transport and develop a new anti-atherogenic strategy.

Animals ; Arteriosclerosis ; pathology ; Atherosclerosis ; metabolism ; PPAR gamma ; metabolism ; Receptors, Scavenger ; metabolism ; Swine

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the multiple-frequency probe tones tympanograms and the normal ranges of admittance, susceptance and conductance in normal newborns. METHOD: Tympanometries with 226 Hz, 678 Hz and 1000 Hz probe tones were obtained from newborn infants with normal TEOAE and DPOAE(55 infants, 110 ears), analysed multiple-frequency prone tones tympanograms and values of admittance, susceptance and conductance by using GSI-33 middle ear analyzer. RESULT: 226 Hz tympanograms for admittance, susceptance and conductance main were W-shaped, the percentages were 90.0%, 99.1% and 85.5%. 678 Hz tympanograms for admittance, susceptance and conductance main were single-peaked, the percentages of single-peaked type were 62.7%, 77.3% and 62.7%, and the percentages of W-shaped type were 34.6%, 20.9% and 31.8%, had a little three-peaked type. 1000 Hz tympanograms for admittance, susceptance and conductance main were single-peaked, and percentages were 96.4%, 99.1% and 97.3%, and had a little W-shape type but no three-peaked type. There were significant differences between admittance and susceptance, susceptance and conductance in 226 Hz and 678 Hz probe tones tympanogram. There were significant differences between admittance and susceptance, susceptance and conductance, admittance and conductance in 1000 Hz probe tones tympanogram. CONCLUSION Multiple-frequency probe tones tympanograms and the normal ranges of admittance, susceptance and conductance of normal newborn infants is obtained, and 1000 Hz probe tone tympanometry is a sensitive test for function of middle ear in newborn infants.
Acoustic Impedance Tests ; methods ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Reference Values

OBJECTIVETo investigate the diagnostic value of clinical manifestation, laboratory examination and imaging changes for pyogenic spondylitis and to summarize the clinical characteristics of patients with pyogenic spondylitis.

METHODSThe clinical data, of 20 patients with pyogenic spondylitis were diagnosed by histopathological examination from March 2012 to March 2015, were retrospectively analyzed. There were 9 males and 11 females, aged from 43 to 72 years old with an average of 58.9 years. Included 3 cases of cervical vertebrae, 7 cases of thoracic vertebrae, 10 cases of lumbar vertebrae. Patients of blood analysis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR), C reactive protein(CRP), X rays, CT and MRI were performed before treatment. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the pain of patients suffering from vertebral pain.

RESULTSAll the patients had suffered from vertebral pain before treatment. VAS was 9 points in 4 cases, 8 points in 6 cases, 7 points in 1 case, 3 points in 6 cases, and 2 points in 3 cases. Among them, 7 patients complicated with neurological symptoms, 11 with aggravating night pain, 10 with fever. WBC and Neutrophil count (NEU) of 5 cases were increased and other 15 cases were normal;CRP of 19 cases were increased and 1 case was normal;ESR of all 20 cases were increased. X rays showed the intervertebral space narrowing in all 20 cases, 13 cases complicated with destruction of vertebral body; CT showed the lesions of vertebral body in the 20 cases and complicated with destruction, sclerosis of sclerotin; MRI showed that the lesions of the vertebral body in the T1 image had uneven medium low signal, in the T2 image of the 16 cases had uneven high signal and 2 cases had uniform and high signal, 2 cases had main high signal compliated with mixed signal. Thirteen patients underwent surgical treatment and 7 patients received conservative treatment, and the patients left hospital while VAS had significantly improved after treatment.

CONCLUSIONSPyogenic spondylitis is easy to be misdiagnosed or missed in clinic. It can be combined with the clinical manifestations, laboratory examination and imaging characteristics in order to make a definite diagnosis for purulent spondylitis in early.

BACKGROUNDIncreased blood pressure and elevated total cholesterol (TC) level are the two most important modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the world. Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia co-exist more often than would be expected and whether there is a synergistic impact on fatal CVD between elevated TC and hypertension need to be further examined in Chinese population.

METHODSWe conducted a cohort study which recruited 5092 Chinese male steelworkers aged 18 - 74 years in 1974 - 1980 and followed up for an average of 20.84 years. Totally 302 fatal CVD events were documented by the year of 2001. Cox proportional hazards regression models were undertaken to adjust for baseline variables with fatal CVD events as the outcome variable. Additive interaction model was used to evaluate the interaction between elevated TC and hypertension.

RESULTSHypercholesterolemia and hypertension were significantly associated with an increased hazard ratio (HR) of fatal CVD (1.67 (95%CI 1.18 - 2.38) and 2.91 (95%CI 2.23 - 3.80) respectively. Compared to participants with normotension and TC < 240 mg/dl, the HRs were 1.11 (95%CI 0.56 - 2.21), 2.74 (95%CI 2.07 - 3.64) for hypercholesterolemia and hypertension respectively, and 5.51 (95%CI 3.58 - 8.46) for participants with both risk factors. There was an additive interaction with a 2.65 (95%CI 0.45 - 4.85) relative excess risk (RERI) between hypercholesterolemia and hypertension on CVD.

CONCLUSIONWe found that the risk of fatal CVD was significantly associated with an additive interaction due to hypercholesterolemia and hypertension besides a conventional main effect derived from either of them, which highlights that the prevention and treatment of both risk factors might improve the individual risk profile thus reduce the CVD mortality.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; blood ; etiology ; mortality ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; blood ; complications ; Hypertension ; blood ; complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Steel ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the audiological characteristics of newborns and infants who failed hearing screening.

METHODSOne hundred and six infants failed hearing screening received follow-up study with routine audiological evaluations (auditory brainstem response, distortion product otoacoustic emission, tympanometry and visual reinforcement audiometry).

RESULTSSixty-five infants (61.3%) of this group were normal hearing subjects and 39(36. 8% ) of the infants had hearing loss. Two cases (1.9%) received follow-up by phone. Fifteen cases (14.2%) with conductive hearing loss and 24 cases (22.6%) with sensorineural hearing loss. Thirteen (12.3%), 14 (13.2%), 6 (5.7%), and 6 (5.7%) cases were found to be mild, moderate, severe and profound hearing loss respectively. Diagnosis of hearing loss in the thirty-nine infants conducted a prevalence of 0.264% (39/14 785) of congenital hearing loss (both binaural and monaural). The hearing level of those cases with severe and profound hearing loss basically did not change, but that of cases with mild and moderate hearing loss changed.

CONCLUSIONSEarly identification and intervention of infants with severe and profound hearing loss by 6 months of age were successful. Infants with mild and moderate hearing loss should be followed up to six or eight months and received routine audiologic evaluations.

Audiometry, Evoked Response ; China ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hearing Loss ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Neonatal Screening ; Prevalence

OBJECTIVE: A multicenter survey is conducted to study the application,the long-term effect and safety of hydroxychloroquine(HCQ)in the treatment of rheumatic diseases in Suzhou. METHODS: Retrospectively collect the data of outpatients and inpatients from Rheumatology Department of four general hospitals in Suzhou(the First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, and Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First People's Hospital of Kunshan, the First People's Hospital of Changshu)from June 2017 to July 2018. A special questionnaire was used to collect data on general information, diagnosis, methods and courses in the use of hydroxychloro-quine, duration, efficacy and compliance, combined medication, adverse reactions of ophthalmology and other systems, and the use of hydroxychloroquine(HCQ)during pregnancy.Result Totally there were 856 cases, including 68 males(7.9%)and 788 females(92.1%).Classification of diseases: 147 cases of RA(including secondary SS of RA), 425 cases of SLE,12 cases of APS, 167 cases of PSS,104 cases of others, and 1 case of overlap syndrome(RA with SLE)The treatment course of HCQ: minimum 0.5 years, maximum 22.75 years, with an average of 3.59(SD=3.08)years.Dosage: 0.2 g/day in 604 cases, 0.4 g/day in 424 cases, 193 cases of using 0.4 and 0.2 successively, and 21 in other cases;721 cases used continuously. There were adverse reactions in 183 cases(7 males and 176 females), which were distributed in 30 cases of RA, 105 cases of SLE, 2 cases of APS, 31 cases of SS and 15 other cases. Ophthalmological adverse reactions occurred in 70 cases, with positive correlation in 4 cases. Ophthalmological examination: 121 cases(14.1%)every year;68 cases(7.9%)every two years. There were 92 cases of adverse skin reactions, with 8 cases of positive correlation. Other systems had few adverse reactions and there was no positive correlation. Continuous medication, combination of anti-rheumatic drugs and adverse reactions were associated, and continuous medication or combination of anti-rheumatic drugs were significantly associated with adverse reactions in ophthalmology and skin, respectively. The adverse reactions of ophthalmology were related to the course of treatment, and the adverse reactions of fundus increased after taking medicine for more than 7 years.There were 37 pregnancies and HCQ was used in 17 cases throughout pregnancy, and only 1 case had non-drug-related neonatal defects. CONCLUSION: HCQ is mainly used in the treatment of SLE, SS, RA and APS in Rheumatology Department in Suzhou. HCQ medication is standardized, but ophthalmic follow-up monitoring is not. Adverse reactions are mainly in skin and ophthalmology. Continuous medication and combination of antirheumatic drugs are associated factors of adverse reactions.Long-term treatment with HCQ is safe and well-toleratrd.