Objective To investigate the current status of lead(Pb) poisoning in children and correlations between Pb levels and calcium(Ca), iron(Fe), zinc(Zn) and environmental factors. Methods ①Questionnaire survey was conducted among 3160 parents in Qingdao area, regarding factors that might have effects on the levels of Pb. ②Levels of blood Pb, Ca, Fe and Zn were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA) spectrometry for 3160 children, who were divided into three groups: mildly increased Pb levels, moderately increased Pb levels and severely increased Pb levels, and the effects of Ca, Fe and Zn on children's blood Pb levels were analyzed by multiple linear regressions.③Children having mildly Pb increase were divided into four groups and received Ca, Fe or Zn preparations or placebo. Results ① Children living with smokers, in new houses, in houses or kindergartens located in industrial areas or main traffic roads, consuming preserved eggs or canned drinks regularly were more easily poisoned.②Percentages of children with increased levels who had insufficient blood Ca, Fe and Zn : 53.31% (306/574), 46.17% (265/574) and 68.47% (393/574), respectively, in the group of children with mildly increased Pb levels; 57.68% (263/456), 49.34% (225/456) and 77.41% (353/456), respectively, in the group of children with moderately increased Pb levels; 64.71% (11/17), 58.82% (10/17) and 82.35%(14/17), respectively, in the group of children with severely increased Pb levels. In contrast, the percentages of children in the control group who had low blood Ca, Fe and Zn were 19.78%(418/2113), 5.21% (110/2113) and 14.62%(309/2113), respectively. ③The levels of Ca, Fe and Zn had a negative correlations with blood levels of Pb(coefficient of regression were-0.870,-0.430,-0.565, respectively). ④When given Ca, Fe and Zn, the children had the blood Pb levels decreased by 78.32% (112/143), 66.43% (95/143) and 67.83% (97/143), respectively. Conclusions ①Children's increased levels of Pb have adverse effects on the absorption of Ca, Fe and Zn. ②Intaking Ca, Fe and Zn preparations can reduce blood Pb level.

Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Language Development ; Sampling Studies

Objective To investigate the characteristics of family environment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in clinics, and analyse the risk factors for ADHD. Methods Two thousand two hundred and ninety-six children with inattention, hyperactivity or unfavourable school performance were subjected to diagnosis with DSM-Ⅳ criteria in clinics. The characteristics of family environment were investigated by self-prepared questionnaires. The risk factors for ADHD were explored by univariate analysis and noneonditioned multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results Seven hundred and twenty children were diagnosed with ADHD. There were significant differences in family environment between children with ADHD and those without(P<0.05 or P<0.01). The risk factors for ADHD included discord between parents, parental smoking and maternal depression during pregnancy and after delivery, while older age, female, paternal higher educational background were protective factors for ADHD. Conclusion Unfavourable family environment may be associated with the prevalence of ADHD, and special attention should be paid to the family environment in the treatment of ADHD.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Azithromycin ; pharmacology ; Bacteremia ; microbiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Culture Media ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Methicillin Resistance ; Middle Aged ; Penicillin G ; pharmacology ; Salmonella paratyphi A ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Staphylococcus epidermidis ; drug effects ; isolation & purification

With the development of medical education,the traditional cell biology teaching modes and methods need constant adjustment to adapt to the current teaching.In view of the present high-speed development of cell biology,we seriously picked some representative themes to carry out thematic teaching.Students were encouraged to read some references about the corresponding content and thought primarily before the class.After the lesson,the teacher guided students to discuss and find the answers to the questions they asked before.Participation in class discussion and homework completion accounted for 10％ of the final assessment results.The thematic teaching helped to optimize classical teaching contents and frontier progress.This teaching mode not only stimulated learning interest but also fully exercised learning ability.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to measure the concentration of adiponectin (APN) in serum and induced sputum in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD during acute exacerbation (AECOPD) and at stable stage and to determine the role of APN as a marker of inflammation in the pathogenesis of COPD. METHODS: All the patients in this prospective study were enrolled from October 2008 to October 2009, including 30 male AECOPD patients from the emergency department, 30 male stable COPD patients from the department of respiratory diseases, and 30 healthy non-smoking male controls from the department of medical examination. The serum and induced sputum were collected from each patient. All of the patients had normal weight (BMI range 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). Patients with severe bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis or autoimmune disease were excluded. Cell count and classification was performed for the induced sputum. The concentrations of APN, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. Pulmonary function was tested among the three groups. Comparisons between the groups were conducted by Student's t test, ANOVA analysis or nonparametric test. Correlation analysis was carried out by Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient test or Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient test. RESULTS: The concentrations of APN in the serum or induced sputum in AECOPD patients were significantly higher than those in stable COPD patients or healthy non-smoking controls (P<0.01). The concentration of APN in stable COPD patients was significantly higher than that in healthy non-smoking controls (P<0.01). For the AECOPD patients, APN was positively correlated with IL-8 and TNF-α in the serum and induced sputum (r=0.739, 0.734, 0.852, 0.857 respectively, P<0.05). For the stable COPD patients, APN was also positively correlated with IL-8 and TNF-α in the serum and induced sputum (r=0.751, 0.659, 0.707, 0.867 respectively, P<0.05). In addition, for the AECOPD patients, APN was positively correlated with the percentage of neutrophils in the induced sputum (r=0.439, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: APN is involved in the process of systematic and airway inflammation of COPD. This process is related to neutrophils in the airway, IL-8 and TNF-α. APN could be used as a new marker for inflammation of COPD.

Objective To improve treatment success rate and prognosis for patients with bifrontal contusions by intracranial pressure monitoring.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 79 cases of bifrontal contusions admitted between October 2004 and April 2012.The patients were divided into intracranial pressure monitoring group (n =40) and group without intracranial pressure monitoring (n =39),according to the treatments.Significance of high coronary craniotomy timing,surgical strategy and intracranial pressure monitoring in the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis was analyzed.Results The intracranial pressure monitoring group showed a significantly shorter period concerning osmotic dehydration [(14.24 ± 7.93) days vs (21.61 ± 11.97)days,P＜0.01],ICU stay [(14.38 ±7.56)days vs (24.71-± 17.94)days,P＜0.01] and total hospital stay [(17.20 ±8.09)days vs (33.92 ± 21.70)days,P＜0.01] as well as a better GOS [(4.15 ± 1.22) points vs (3.69 ± 1.56) points,P ＜ 0.05],as compared with group without intracranial pressure monitoring.Conclusions Craniotomy,especially decompressive craniectomy,is one of the most important treatment means to control cranial pressure and ensure cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with bifrontal contusions (in particular the moderate and severe ones).Besides,intracranial pressure monitoring is conducive to selection of surgery timing and is instructive to combined treatment,such as osmotherapy,intracranial pressure controlling and assurance of cerebral perfusion pressure.

AIM To determine the dynamic changes of monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites in various brain regions of cerebral ischemia reperfusion mice. METHODS Concentrations of monoamine neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and metabolites were determined by HPLC-ECD on d 0,1,3,5 and d 20 after cerebral ischemia reperfusion by common carotid artery occlusion. RESULTS The cerebral ischemia reperfusion mice showed decreased concentrations of NE, MHPG, DA, DOPAC, 5-HT and 5-HIAA in various brain regions, especially in hippocampus. CONCLUSION Several neuron systems play an important role in neurons damage of cerebral ischemia reperfusion, especially the NE and DA in hippocampus which is sensitive to the ischemia damage. The data offer useful guides for clinical treatments of cerebral ischemia diseases.

Objective To explore the contents,routes and ways of the training of clinical teachers in teaching hospitals.Methods According to the requirement of teachers' professional development,the characteristic of clinical teachers in teaching hospitals,setting from the cultivating of fundamental ability and occupation quality,to reinforce the training of clinical teachers,especially young teachers' basic teaching skills,job skills and professional ethics in order to improve the teaching team's overall quality unceasingly. Results According to the results of the classroom teaching mass and practice teaching mass' test from the year 2005 to 2007,the teaching ability and consciousness of clinical teachers were reinforced after the training. Conclusion With the dual role of doctor and teacher,the clinic teachers should be trained to reinforce their basic teaching skills and professional competence,so that they can have the ability to cultivate the high-qualified medical talent.

AIM: To investigate the time - effect relationship between the expression of rhodopsin and recoverin and photoreceptor damage induced by N - nethl - N -nitrosourea ( MNU) .
METHODS: Thirty-six 7-week old Sprague-Dawley ( SD ) rats were intraperitoneally injected with MNU ( 60mg/kg ) and were put to death by dislocation of cervical vertebra 6, 12, 24h; 3, 7d after injection ( 6 per group) , respectively. As a control, six rats were injected with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) 5mL/kg and sacrificed on d3 after injection. The degree of photoreceptor apoptosis was detected by HE staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling ( TUNEL ) and transmission electron microscope ( TEM ) in the right eyes. The mRNA expressions of rhodopsin and recoverin were detected different time after injection by Western blot and immunohistochemical method in the left eyes.
RESULTS:The dissolution of photoreceptor nucleus and apoptosis body were first perceived at 12h by TEM; most of cells at outer nuclear layer were presented positive reaction. The apoptotic index reached peak ( 29. 7% ±2.3%) at 24h which was coincided with the observation of TEM. The results of immunohistochemistry displayed that rhodopsin and recoverin were on a declining curve with time extension. Furthermore, the results of Western blot indicated that rhodopsin had dramatic decline at 6h after injection (P<0. 05), and extremely significant difference comparing to control group after 12h ( P<0. 01 ); while recoverin dramatic declined at 12h, and extremely significant difference after 24h (P<0. 01).
CONCLUSION:60mg/kg MNU intraperitoneally injection one - time may specifically induce photoreceptor apoptosis, The mechanism of down - regulation of rhodopsin and recoverin may be related to the selected apoptosis of photoreceptors.