BACKGROUND:The hedgehog pathway has paid an important role in the progress of chondrogenesis from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. However, the definite signal transduction pathway and cross-talking relationship with other common signal pathways are stil poorly understood and the researches related to this field is to continue as a hotspot in the future study. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the research progress of hedgehog signal pathway on the regulation of the chondrogenesis from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and the relationship between hedgehog and other signal pathways in the process. METHODS:A computer-based online search in CNKI, PubMed and Google Scholar databases was performed using key words of“Hedgehog, IHH, SHH, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, cartilage, chondrogenesis”in English and Chinese, respectively. Literatures related to the process of chondrogenesis from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were included and 36 articles were extensively summarized for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are currently accepted optimal cellseeds for the cartilage tissue engineering, and hedgehog is a critical signal molecule in the development of skeletal system. The IHH and SHH in hedgehog signal closely participate in control ing the processes of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cellproliferation and chondrogenesis, chondrocyte phenotype maintenance and cooperation with other common single pathways. However, the specific signal transduction mechanism and cross-talking contact with other signal pathways stil need to be further studied, and it stands for the future research directions.

Along with the application and development of the assisted reproductive technology in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,the emergence of frozen embryos in the law,medicine,and ethics area are gradually increased.Two-child policy makes more older couples choose assisted reproductive technology,which will cause more disputes about frozen embryos.There is no unified conclusion of the legal status of human embryos,and there exists three main views of embryos namely property,person and intermediate state.Defined the legal status of frozen embryos as ethical substance,this paper analyzed the main position and possible legal and ethical issues involved in the disposal of frozen embryos through three typical cases.

OBJECTIVE:To study the anti-inflammatory,antalgic effects and irritation of Fuyan suppository. METHODS:Mouse auricle swelling test(Fuyan suppository 4.5,3.0 and 1.5 g/kg for administration)and mouse vola pedis swelling test(5 min and 0.5,1,4,6 h)were employed to study the anti-inflammatory effect of Fuyan suppository. Mouse writhing response test(Fuy-an suppository 4.5,3.0 and 1.5 g/kg) was used to study the antalgic effect. Rabbit vagina mucosa irritation test was adopted to study the vaginal irritation(Fuyan suppository 1.0 g/rabbit,once daily for one week). RESULTS:Fuyan suppository at a dose of 4.5,3.0 or 1.5 g/kg could inhibit auricle swelling of mice and reduce the times of mice’s writhing response. 3.0 g/kg Fuyan suppos-itory could,at 0.5-6 h from administration,inhibit vola pedis swelling of mice and be nonirritating to the rabbit’s vagina. CON-CLUSIONS:Fuyan suppository has better anti-inflammatory and antalgic effects and is nonirritating to the rabbit’s vagina. Theoreti-cally,vaginal administration of Fuyan suppository can be considered as safe.

Current reform of higher medical education focuses on curriculum integration and corresponding reconstruction of teaching system. Chongqing Medical University has carried out the reform of medical personnel training mode from basic to clinical, which has achieved certain results. Three aspects including teaching content, teaching methods and appraisal system of the urogenital system curriculum integration are introduced in the paper. In the teaching content, the parts related to urogenital system in basic subjects and clinical subjects are extracted and integrated. In the process of teaching implementation, a teaching team is set up across departments and multidisciplinary joint teaching is carried out. In order to arouse the enthusiasm of students, inspire and cultivate students' scientific research thinking by improving teaching methods, several teaching methods such as case introduction teaching method, question discussion and debate meeting are used. Scientific evaluation system is used to observe and record the whole process of students' learning. Meanwhile, some existing problems and solutions of curriculum integration are discussed in the paper to provide references for peers in relevant colleges and universities.

To study the effects of Qinggan Huoxue Recipe (QGHXR), the compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, and its separated recipes on the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA and serum TNF-alpha content in rats with alcoholic liver injury (ALI).

Objective: To clone , express and purify of Dermatophagoides farinae ( Der f 11 ) , and then test its immunogenicity.Methods:The gene coding for Der f 11 was synthesized ,and was then linked with the pET-32a vector.The expression plasmid pET32a(+)-Der f 11 was induced by IPTG.After purification of recombinant allergens Der 11 proteins through the Ni +affinity chromatography ,immunological allergic patients serum as the Primary antibody.Results: We obtain high purity recombinant Der f 11 protein.The results of SDS-PAGE show that the expression product is about 118 KD.Recombinant allergen Der f 11 test 15 dust mites allergic patients serum specific IgE , positive rate was 20%.Conclusion: Recombinant allergen Der f 11 obtained has the similar immunologic activity to natural Der f 11 protein.It can lay the foundation for the specific diagnosis ,treatment and further experimental studies of the dust mite allergy disease.

Objective To analyze the characteristic and the clinical application of high -frequency stimulation ABR for the patients with unilateral sudden deafness .Methods 40 patients aged 17~45 with unilateral sudden deaf-ness(40 health ears ,subject group)and 20 normal volunteers (40 ears ,control group)were selected to receive high and low frequency stimulation ABRs and pure tone audiometry .Results There were no statistical differences be-tween subject group and control group in pure tone audiometry .The wave Ⅰlatency of high -frequency ABR was longer in the subject group than that in the control group(P<0 .001) .The abnormal rate of Ⅰ - Ⅴ interval between high and low frequency stimulation ABRs was 62 .5% (25/40) in the subject group ,and 5% (2/40) in the control group .There were statistical differences between the two groups (χ2 =29 .574 ,P<0 .001) .Conclusion The waveⅠlatency of high-frequency ABR was longer and the abnormal rate of Ⅰ - Ⅴ interval markedly increased in the health ear of patients with unilateral sudden deafness .This may suggest that the contralateral ear may have an ab-normal blood supply of the inner ear when single side sudden deafness happened .High frequency stimulation ABR can be used to detect the potential changes of contralateral ear before the hearing loss occurred .

Objective Callus induction and plantlets regeneration of Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth.are studied to establish a high-efficiency regeneration system for tissue culture.Methods The leaf segments,nodular stem segments,stem segments and root tips from Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth.were cultured in vitro.The factors which affect the induction,multiplication and differentiation of callus were studied.Results Benzylaminopurine(BA) or thidiazuron(TDZ) combined with ?-naphthylacetic acid(NAA) was helpful to induce callus.The optimal concentrations of BA were 0.2～0.5mg/L.Nodular stem segments and stem segments were the most suitable explants for callus induction.The medium containing BA and NAA promoted the multiplication of callus.The multiplication rate and differentiation rate of 30-day callus were much higher than those of 60-day callus.BA was helpful to induce callus differentiation.The callus from leaf segments exerted a higher differentiation rate.Conclusion A high-efficiency regeneration system of callus induction and plant regeneration from Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth.has been established.

8 oocytes) according to the number of oocytes collected in one ovary. On day of human chorionic gonadotrophin injection, PSV, EDV, PI, RI, S/D of ovarian stromal artery in the ovarian were detected and perifollicular vascularity were graded with color Doppler ultrasonography. Results Not only PSV and EDV of stromal artery but also perifollicular vascularity in low-response group was significantly lower than that of normal-response and high-response groups. PSV and EDV of ovarian stromal artery and perifollicular vascularity were highly interrelated with ovarian response. Conclusions The increase of PSV and EDV of ovarian stromal artery and perifollicular vascilarity indicate the improvement of perfusion in ovary and ovarian response.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of donepezil in the treatment of early post-stroke aphasia (PSA).Methods PSA patients within one month after onset were randomly assigned into either a donepezil group or a control group.On the basis of conventional medication,the donepezil group was given hydrochloride donepezil 5 mg/d.The patients were followed-up after 4 week.The efficacy was evaluated by the Aphasia Battery of Chinese (ABC),the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS),the Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire (SADQ),Chinese version,and the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) before and after treatment.Results A total of 48 PSA patients were enrolled in the study.Both the donepezil group and the control group had 24 patients and they all completed the study.There were no significant differences in age,years of education,NIHSS score,SADQ score,stroke duration,as well as the proportions of male,hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia,heart disease,previous stroke or history of transient ischemic attack,smoking alcohol consumption,type of stroke,and lesion site (all P ＜ 0.01).There were significant differences in each language score before and after treatment both in the donepezil group and in the control group (all P ＜0.01).The difference values of listening comprehension (47.8 ± 24.7 vs.22.0 ± 15.4; t =4.342,P =0.000)and reading comprehension (20.5 ± 14.0 vs.8.1 ± 10.5; t =3.483,P ＜0.01) scores before and after treatment in the donepezil group were significantly higher than those in the control group,while there were no significant differences in the information quantity of speech,fluency,series language,repetition,naming,and reading scores (all P ＞0.05).As compared with the control group,there were significant differences in the difference values of the SADQ scores before and after treatment in the donepezil group (6.2 ±6.0 vs.2.5 ±3.0; t =2.717,P=0.009).No serious adverse reactions were observed in both groups.Conclusions On the basis of conventional stroke treatment,using hydrochloride donepezil in the early PSA patients has promotion effect on the improvement of listening comprehension and reading comprehension of language function.