As a marker of cerebral microangiopathy with a hemorrhagic tendency, the occurrence of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in various cerebrovascular diseases and its significance are increasingly receiving attention by the researchers and clinicians both from foreign and domestic, This article reviews the pathogenesy and imaging diagnosis, the correlations between CMBs and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, as well as the guiding significance in thrombolysis, anticoagulation and antiplatelet aggregation therapy in ischemic stroke.

Hypoxiaisoneofthemostimportantfactorsinfluencingcancertherapyandclinicalprogno-sis.With positron emission tomography (PET)widely adopted in clinical practice,the development and appli-cation of PET hypoxia imaging agents has been much popular in the field currently.PET hypoxia imaging can detect tumor hypoxia region noninvasively,which has important significance for optimizing cancer treatment decisions and improving the prognosis of cancer.

Stroke is one of the diseases that seriously threats the health of the elderly, and atherosclerosis is the main cause of ischemic stroke. Became it is closely associated with stroke, carotid carotid atherosclerosis has been one of the research hot spots in neurology. In recent years, the development of MRI techniques has provided a new approach for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of atherosclerotic plaque, and has reflected its unique superiority, This article reviews the applications of MRI in the evaluation of carotid atherosclerotic plaques.

Increasing cerebral blood flow in ischemic penumbra helps to promote neurological function recovery.Fibroblast growth factor is closely associated with angiogenesis after stroke;it may improve cerebral blood flow in ischemia penumbra,and thus contributes to neurological function recovery.Its application will become a novel approach in the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Aspirin can effectively prevent ischemic cerebrovascular disease. However, as the existence of "aspirin resistance" phenomenon, ischemic events still occur in some patients during the aspirin treatment. This article mainly reviews the mechanisms, screening methods and treatment measures of aspirin resistance.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of Shen Fu Injection (SFI) on cardiac function in sepsis rats and to explore the possible mechanism.Methods Forty SD male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups,namely normal control group,sham operation group,model group,SFI group.The sepsis model was established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).Thirty-six hours later,the arterial blood and left ventricular myocardium tissues were collected,and then the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α and interleukin(IL)-1 were detected and the levels ofphosphorylated p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38MAPK) and p38-mitogenactivated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in the supernatant of myocardial homogenate were detected.Results Thirty-six hours after modeling,left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening(LVFS) of the rats in the model group were significantly lower than those in the sham operation group (P ＜ 0.05).The heart function in SFI group was much improved compared with the model group (P ＜ 0.05).The serum TNF-α and IL-1 levels as well as p-p38/p38MAPK level in the supernatant of myocardial tissue of SFI group were lower than those in the model group (P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences of the above indexes between the sham operation group and the normal control group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion SFI has protective effect against sepsis myocardial injury.The mechanism may be related with the inhibition of p38MAPK phosphorylation in the myocardium,thereby reducing the release ofinflammatory cytokines in the pathway.

Objective:To research the correlation of serum levels of IL-21,TGF-β1,TNF-α and IgA1 in children with allergic purpura and the purpura nephritis.Methods:57 cases with allergic purpura who were treated in our hospital from November 2015 to May 2016 were selected and 29 cases were diagnosed with general allergic purpura,and another 28 cases were diagnosed with purpuric nephritis.30 healthy children were selected as the control group.Then the serum levels of IL-21,TGF-β1,TNF-α,IgAl,immunoglobulin A (IgA),C3 and C4 between the three groups were observed and compared.Results:The serum levels of IL-21,TGF-β1,TNF-α,IgA1 and IgA in the purpuric nephritis group were higher than those of the control group and the general allergic purpura group,and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05);The serum levels of IL-21,TGF-β1,TNF-α,IgA1 and IgA in the general allergic purpura group were higher than those of the control group,and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05);There was no statistically significant difference about the C3 and C4 in the three groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion:The serum levels of IL-21,TGF-β1,TNF-α and IgA1 may be involved in the development ofhenoch-schonlein purpura and purpura nephritis.

Objective: To observe the influence of left-thoracic radiotherapy on heart function and quality of life in patients with breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery. Methods: A total of 35 patients with breast cancer, who recently received breast-conserving surgery and left-thoracic radiotherapy, were continuously selected as radiotherapy group. They received routine echocardiography (ECG), tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and evaluation of Chinese questionnaire of quality of life in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CQQC) before and after radiotherapy. The results were compared with those of 31 patients (control group), who received radical mastectomy without breast radiotherapy in the same period. Results: There were no significant difference in left heart function indexes by ECG and TDI, all dimensional and total scores of CQQC between two groups before radiotherapy (P>0.05 all). After five-week treatment, compared with evaluation before radiotherapy and control group after treatment, there were significant decrease in E [(0.90±0.32) cm/s vs. (0.90±0.38) cm/s vs. (0.86±0.29) cm/s], E/A [(1.28±0.46) vs. (1.28±0.45) vs. (1.20±0.38)], Em [(10.12±1.93) cm/s vs. (9.95±1.64) cm/s vs. (7.51±1.12) cm/s], Em/Am [(1.25±0.26) vs. (1.24±0.23) vs. (0.90±0.15)] （P<0.05 all）, all dimensional scores （P<0.05～<0.01）and total score [(67.36±7.87) scores vs. (63.75±7.26) scores vs. (52.83±6.40) scores] （P<0.01）of CQQC in radiotherapy group. Conclusion: There are often decrease in left heart function and quality of life in patients with breast cancer undergoing left-thoracic radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery, so it’s necessary to perform targeted rehabilitative treatment.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a powerful angiogeuetic factor. In recent years, it has been found that it has a powerful capacity to promote nerve regeneration, and has potential value in the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Newborn endothelial celts can form "vascular niche", and promote neurogenesis by releasing an array of neurotrophic factors. Also, newborn neuronal cells can enhance angiogenesis. There is a "cross-talk" between angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and VEGF plays a very important intermediary role in it. This article reviews the studies of VEGF in promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia.

Objective To explore the clinical application value of serum amyloid A (SAA),C-reactive protein (CRP) and SAA/CRP in early diagnosis of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD).Methods The serum levels of SAA and CRP were detected in 873 children with HFMD who were admitted in Hangzhou Children's Hospital from April to December in 2015.And 487 healthy children were enrolled as healthy control group.SAA was measured by nephelometry assay,and CRP was measured by immunoturbidimetry.Variables were compared using Mann-Whitney U test and diagnostic value was measured by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results The median levels of SAA in HFMD group and control group were 330.5 and 4.0 mg/L,respectively,which was statistically different (Z=-29.02,P＜0.01);the median levels of CRP were 10.0 and 1.0 mg/L,respectively,with statistical difference (Z =23.79,P＜ 0.01);and the median SAA/CRP were 23.06 and 2.40,respectively,with statistical difference (Z=-24.79,P＜0.01).In ROC curve comparison,the area under the curve of SAA (0.980) was higher than those of SAA/CRP ratio (0.911) and CRP (0.899) for diagnosing HFMD.When using 10.30 mg/L as the cut off value for SAA according to the ROC curve,the sensitivity was 91.6％ and the specificity was 96.6％.Conclusions Joint detection of SAA and CRP can improve the efficiency in the early diagnosis of HFMD.SAA can provide useful auxiliary information for the diagnosis of HFMD,which is worthy of extensive clinical application.