Objective Developmental validation studies were designed according to the standards of forensic DNA community on DNATyperTM15 kit,which simultaneously amplifies 14 STR loci(D6S1043、D21S11、D7S820、CSF1PO、D2S1338、D3S1358、D13S317、D8S1179、D16S539、Penta E、D5S818、VWA、D18S51、FGA)and amelogenin,a sex-determining locus.Methods Several key factors were tested including:Ⅰ.amount of hot-start Taq polymerase;Ⅱ.annealing temperature;Ⅲ.sensitivity;Ⅳ.reaction volume;Ⅴ.cycle number;Ⅵ.primer concentration.DNATyperTM15 was also compared with two other widely used commercial STR amplification kits,namely IdentifilerTM and PowerPlex.Results No difference in performance was observed with three lots of DNATyperTM15.Performance was not affected even after 20 times of repeated freeze-and-thaw.All three kits performed comparably in the following aspects:Ⅰ.sensitivity;Ⅱ.ability to genotype mixed samples;Ⅲ.amplification of DNA from various sample sources.DNA extraction methods(Chelex-100,magnetic beads,silica beads)did not result in any observable effect on performance with any of the three kits.Conclusion All the results demonstrated that DNATyperTM15 is suitable for both forensic DNA database work and casework.

Objective To investigate the nursing points of pancreatic leakage after upper abdominal multiple organ transplantation. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on the nursing experience of two patients with end-stage liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus who were complicated with pancreatic leakage after upper abdominal multiple organ transplantation from March 2009 to July 2015. Results The blood glucose of these patients returned to normal level within 1 week after operation and insulin was discontinued. Pancreatic leakage was occurred in the two patients at 14 and 21 days after operation, respectively. They were both successfully discharged after active treatments and nursing cares including completely drainage, the application of drugs that inhibited the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and digestive tract glands, strengthening infection control, nutritional support and other conservative treatments. Conclusions It is the key to improve the recovery of pancreatic leakage after upper abdominal multiple organ transplantation with careful observation of abdominal signs and abdominal drainage tube, accurate use of somatostatin, nutritional support, maintenance of water and electrolyte balance, and psychological intervention.

Objective To investigate the value of intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging (IVIM-MRI)on monitoring impairment of renal function in hydronephrosis.Methods Left hydronephrosis model of Healthy New-Zealand rabbits made by ureteral incomplete obstruction were scanned by IVIM-MRI at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks.The change of IVIM-MRI quantitative parameters (ADC values, D values, D* values, and f values) in left hydronephrosis kidney were observed.The correlation between these parameters and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were evaluated.Results ADC values, D values, D* values and f values at cortex and medulla in left hydronephrosis model of rabbits decreased gradually in the progression of renal damage after 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks.For D value, f value and ADC values, there was statistical significant difference among the group of 12 weeks, the group of 16 weeks, the control group, and the group of 4 weeks;statistical significant difference was also observed between the group of 8 weeks and the group of 16 weeks by LSD contrast.ADC values, D values, D* values, and f values were positively correlated to GFR at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks for left hydronephrosis model of rabbits.Conclusion IVIM-MRI could monitor impairment of renal function in hydronephrosis dynamically.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of AIDS complicated with disseminated Penicillium marneffei (PM) infection. Methods A total of 12 patients with AIDS complicated with disseminated PM infection were collected and the symptoms, signs, laboratory examination results and image manifestations of these patients were analyzed retrospectively. Results (1) The diagnosis of PM infection in all the 12 cases were confirmed by peripheral blood culture.All the 12 cases (100％) had irregular fever (38-41 ℃) and enlarged lymph nodes, 8 cases (66％) had skin rashes; 8 cases (66％) had hepatomegaly; 9 cases (75％) had splenomegaly while 8 cases (66％) had anemia. (2) Imaging manifestation: Five cases manifested bilateral pulmonary disseminated miliary nodular shadows or lattice signs; 1 case showed enlarged hilar lymph node and 2 zases showed patchy shadow with pleuritis. One case presented sub-pleural curve line shadow at the posterior part of the right lower lung,and adhesion between the intestinal wall and intestinal mesentery in mass form in the abdomen by CT examination. Conclusion Patients suffering from AIDS (CD4T lymphocytes ＜50/μ L) with impaired immunity might be susceptible to complication of disseminated PM infection, which presents mainly damage of multiple organs and symptoms such as fever; enlargement of liver,spleen and lymph nodes, as well as specific skin maculopapular rashes. Imaging manifestations in the lungs were revealed as miliary nodular shadows and lattice-like shadows. Intensified abdominal CT might reveal presence of several enlarged postperitoneal lymph nodes and intestinal adhesion in shape of cakes.

Objective To explore the effects of different time spans for off-bed activities on postoperative rehabiliatioin of patients with liver transplantation. Methods The clinical data of 42 patients having undergone allogeneic liver transplantation during Jan. 2014 to Oct. 2015 were assigned as the observation group. Another 44 patitents during the same period , matched to those in the observation group in terms of general data , were assigned as the control group . The clinical data of two groupos were reviewed to make comparisons in terms of the time for anus exhaust , the time spans for gastric tube and urinary catheter indwelling , abdominal cavity effusion and hemorrhage and pulmonary infection 3 days after operation. Result The time for anus exhaust and the time spans for gastric tube and urinary catheter indwelling in the observation group were all significantly shorter than the control gorup (P<0.05), but there were insignifiant differences between the groups in abdominal cavity effusion and hemorrhage and pulmonary infection. Conclusion Off-bed activities 3 days after operation is safe and feasible for the patients having undergone allogeneic liver transplantation. It can promote their process of rehabilitation.

Objective To evaluate the effects of butorphanol pretreatment on myocardial damage induced by limb ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods One hundred and eight male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-220 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =36 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),I/R group and butorphanol pretreatment group (group B).Limb ischemia was induced by occlusion of bilateral hind limbs for 2 h followed by reperfusion in I/R and B groups.At 10 min before ischemia,butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg was injected via the right jugular vein in group B,while the equal volume of normal saline was injected in group I/R.Six rats were chosen randomly before ischemia (baseline,T0) and at 2,6,12,24 and 48 h after reperfusion (T1-5) and blood samples were taken from the abdominal aorta for determination of the serum creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB (CK-MB) activity and cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTnI) concentration.The animals were then sacrificed and myocardial specimens were obtained for determination of myocardial apoptosis (using TUNEL) and the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) (using Western blot analysis).Apoptosis index was calculated.Results Compared with group S,the serum CK-MB and cTnI levels were significantly increased at T1-5,and the apoptosis index and expression of JNK and ERK were increased at T2-5 in group I/R (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group I/R,the pathological changes of myocardium were significantly reduced at T4,the serum CK-MB and cTnI levels were decreased at T2-5,the apoptosis index was decreased at T4,5,the expression of ERK was up-regulated at T2-5,and the expression of JNK was down-regulated at T2-4 (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Butorphanol pretreatment can reduce apoptosis in myocardial cells through activating MAPK signal transduction pathway,up-regulating ERK expression and down-regulating JNK expression,thus attenuating myocardial damage induced by limb I/R in rats.

Objective To summarize nursing experience of digestive tract fistula after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Methods From January 2000 to December 2010,1173 patients received liver transplantation,among whom 61 recipients got digestive tract fistula during early stage after operation.The clinical data and major nursing measures of 61 patients were studied retrospectively. Results The incidence rate of digestive tract fistula after OLT was 5.20％.The incidence rate of bile leakage,gastric fistula,duodenal fistula,jejunal fistula,ileal fistula and transverse colon fistula were 3.90％,0.42％,0.08％,0.34％,0.08％ and 0.34％,respectively.The onset time of digestive tract fistula was from 3 to 24 days post transplantation,and atypical symptoms such as fever,abdominal pain,abdominal distention,weakened enterocinesia and even septic shock were presented.And the rising or descending of white blood cells counts,rising of level of transaminase and total bilirubin in laboratory examination were simultaneously presented.Four patients died of bile leakage,and other seven patients died of intestinal fistula throughout conservative or operative treatment.The rest of 50 were discharged healthily. Conclusions The morbidity of digestive tract fistula after OLT is low,but its mortality rate is high.It is necessary to closely observe patients' condition and confirm diagnosis in early stage,in order to promote the healing of digestive tract fistula after OLT.At the same time,psychological,basic and dietary nursing should be given in order to enhance the survival rate and quality of life of patients.

BACKGROUND:Cytokines and neurotrophic factors secreted from human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells secrete have neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, but there are few reports about intranasal administration of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cellconditioned medium in the treatment of stroke.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the protective effects of intranasal administration of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium on neurologic function of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
METHODS:Adult rats were subjected to 2 hours of right middle cerebral artery occlusion and the human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from the postpartum human cord. We made the conditioned medium of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Ischemic rats were randomized and assigned to three groups and were treated by intranasal routine starting 24 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion with:(1) saline for control group;(2) Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium/Ham’s nutrient mixture F-12 medium for medium control group;(3) conditioned medium treatment group (10mL/kg) daily for 14 days. Behavioral tests (foot fault test, and modified Neurological Severity Score) were performed before and at 1, 7, 14 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:There was no difference in the behavioral tests among the three groups at postoperatively 1 day (P>0.05). Compared to the control and medium control group rats, respectively, rats in the conditioned medium group significantly improved functional outcome after stroke in days 7 and 14 (P<0.05). There was also no significant difference in functional tests between the control group and medium control group in days 7 and 14 (P>0.05). These results suggest that human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium via intranasal administration can significantly improve neurologic functional outcome after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND:Large numbers of experimental data have confirmed that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s have a positive therapeutic effect on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, but there are few reports about intravenous administration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel conditioned medium in the treatment of stroke.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of the conditioned medium of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s on the recovery of neurological function in rats after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
METHODS:The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s were isolated from rat bone marrow. When cel s at passage 2 or 3 reached 90%confluence, the original culture medium was removed. Then the cel s were cultured in serum-free DMEM for 18 hours. After that, the culture solution was col ected as the conditioned medium of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s. Adult rats were subjected to 2 hours of right middle cerebral artery occlusion. Ischemia-reperfusion injury rats were randomly assigned to three groups:control group, simple culture medium group and conditioned medium group, and respectively given injection of normal saline, DMEM, conditioned medium (10 mL/kg) via the tail vein at 2, 24, 48 hours after operation.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:There was no difference in the behavioral tests among the three groups at postoperative 2 hours (P>0.05). Compared with the control and simple culture medium group, neurological impairment was significantly improved in the conditioned medium group at postoperative 1, 3, 5 days (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the control and simple culture medium groups. At postoperative 5 days, brain edema was significantly eased in the conditioned medium group in comparison to the control and simple culture medium groups (P<0.05), and there was also no difference between the latter two groups (P>0.05). These results suggest that rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s-conditioned medium via intravenous administration can significantly ease brain edema and improve the neurologic function after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Purinergic 2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and Nod like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contribute to the inflammatory activation.Great attention has been paid to P2X7R and NLRP3 inflammasome in recent years,especially in the fields of central nervous system.To further elucidate the role of the P2X7R and NLRP3 inflammasome in the central nervous system,we review the latest research progress of composition and physiological functions of P2X7R and NLRP3 inflammasome and how they play their roles in diseases of the central nervous system.