The incidence of glioma has been increasing in recent years,and threatened the human health seriously.Cystine/glutamate antiporter (system xc-) is one of the important glutamate transporters in the central nervous system,both the expression of system xc and the extracellular glutamate concentration increase in the course of brain tumor's development.Hence system xc-plays an essential role in the process of brain tumor genesis,it has become an important research field in brain tumor in the past decades.Our present review expound the important role of system xc-in the process of glioma genesis and development as well as provide theoretical foundation and new strategies for the clinical treatment and the application of drugs by connecting with anaesthetics and the effects of system xc on glioma.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is affected by various related factors, which can manifeste in patients with simple diabetes mellitus. However, which of these factors are involved in the occurrence of DPN in diabetic patients?OBJECTIVE: To analyze the risk factors for DPN in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.DESIGN: A hospital-based one-to-one pair-matched case-controlled investigation.SETTING: School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 111 outpatients or inpatients with DPN (DPN group) were recruited from the Metabolic Disease Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from December 2002 to November 2003, including 53 males and 58 females. Inclusive criteria: Diagnosed according to the diagnostic standards for diabetes mellitus recommended by American Diabetes Association (ADA) in 1997; Typing for type 2 diabetes mellitus according to the program by ADA in 1997; Decline or disappearance of achilles tendon reflex, knee tendon reflex, etc.; Decline or disappearance of pain sensation and thalposis; Decline or disappearance of diapason vibration sense. Meanwhile, 111 outpatients or inpatients with simple diabetes mellitus were selected as the control group. Informed consents were obtained from all the subjects.METHODS: The patients were investigated at admission or in the outpatient department with self-designed questionnaires, including more than 80 items of general information, past history, family history, etc. The results of laboratory examinations were recorded. The data were catalogized and input into computer. Multivariate conditional logistic regression was used to establish main effect equation for analyzing the risk factors for DNP.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk factors for DNP.RESULTS: All the 111 patients with DNP and 111 patients with simple diabetes mellitus were involved in the analysis of results. The protective factors for DNP included higher educational level, intensive treatment, coronary heart disease and tea drinking. The risk factors for DNP included longer duration of diabetes mellitus, poor situation of blood sugar control, treating with insulin, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, history of diabetic ketonemia, more meat intake before diabetes mellitus, vertigo, dryness of skin, hypertension, history of injury, history of smoking, higher waist-to-hip ratio, higher level of blood cholesterol. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the following factors were significantly associated with DPN: longer duration of diabetes mellitus, treating with insulin, vertigo, more meat intake before diabetes mellitus, alcohol drinking and history of injury (operation, frostbite, etc.).CONCLUSION: DPN is related to various risk factors, such as longer duration of diabetes mellitus, treating with insulin, vertigo, alcohol drinking, more meat intake before diabetes mellitus, history of injury, etc., which all can increase the risk of diabetic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients and physicians should pay more attention to these risk factors during the course of prevention and treatment.

Circulating tumor DNAs (ctDNAs) are DNA fragments released from tumor cells into bloodstream, containing genetic mutations and epigenetic variations related to cancer. DNA methylation variation is a kind of epigenetic variation which happens in early carcinogenesis and dynamically changes with cancer development. Liquid biopsy of ctDNA methylation has the advantages of non-invasiveness, target molecule stableness, considerable cost-effectiveness, high diagnostic performance and wide application expansion, detection of whose level is conducive to early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of cancer. The pre-analytical procedures and methylation detection methodologies significantly influence after test results, and should be standardized to obtain high quality results. Up to now, a large amount of literature covering the utility of ctDNA methylation in cancer diagnosis and prognosis have been published. It is believed that in the near future, the detection process of ctDNA methylation would be standardized, and the large-scale clinical application of ctDNA methylation as a liquid biopsy project would be promoted.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of Chinese herb in preventing recurrence of ulcerative colitis. Methods One hundred and three UC patients were divided into treatment group and control group randomly. The treatment group was treated by Chinese herb and the control group was treated by Sulfasalazine. After treated for three months, fifty three full remission patients were followed-up. CD4+, CD8+ and CD3+ cell count were performed and influence of Chinese herb on recurrence was observed. Results Either the cell count of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ or the percentage of CD8+ in the peripheral blood was significantly higher in recurrence group than those in the control (P

Objective To explore risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in suburban of Tianjin.Methods A frequently matched community-based case-control study was conducted in Tianjin suburb.The multi-phasic stratified cluster sampling method was adopted.Finally 9 961 people were selected as study subjects.All of 585 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited as cases,and 620 persons without type 2 diabetes mellitus were chosen as controls.The two groups were frequently matched by age and sex.Results Family history of diabetes mellitus(OR=2.671),depression(OR=3.759),higher level of BMI(OR=1.502) and WHR(OR=1.740),history of hypertension(OR=2.016),history of hyperlipoidemia(OR=1.867),were risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus while increased the risk of type 2 diabetes.And increasing intake of fruits(OR=0.736) was shown to be reversely associated with diabetes mellitus.Conclusions Family history of diabetes mellitus,depression,overweight,central obesity,history of hypertension,history of hyperlipoidemia were risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in suburban of Tianjin,while increasing intake of fruits was shown to be a protective factor of diabetes mellitus.

Coats disease,known as the outer exudative retinopathy,is a kind of disease characterized by retinal capillaries expansion and microvascular abnormalities,often accompanied by retinal or subretinal exudation and lipids exudative retinal detachment.Neovascular glaucoma and ocular atrophy often occur in the late time.Coats disease is significant diversity in clinical presentation and morphology.For nearly a century,with the development of understanding of the disease,vireoretinal specialists have a new view on diagnosis and treatment of it.This article reviews the recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of Coats disease.

Aim To investigate the influence of the overexpression of CRMP2 on neural cell apoptosis after ischemia reperfusion injury in rats and its possible mechanism. Methods A total of 192 male adult SD rats were divided into four groups: sham group, cere-bral ischemia/reperfusion group( MCAO group) , cere-bral ischemia with blank plasmid control group( MCAO+GFP group ) , cerebral ischemia with CRMP2 eu-karyotic plasmid group ( MCAO + CRMP2/GFP group) . One day after injecting eukaryotic plasmid, the rats were operated for 120-min ischemia through MCA occlusion and reperfused. At 48 h and 1 wk, the expression of CRMP2 , p53 , Caspase-3 , Caspase-8 and BCL2 in brain tissue was tested by RT-PCR and West-ern blot. Apoptotic cells were observed by TUNEL test. TTC staining was use to detect cerebral infarction volume. The neural function of the rats were also eval-uated. Results Compared with the sham group, the expression levels of CRMP2 and BCL2 in MCAO group and MCAO +GFP group were significantly decreased ( P <0. 01 ) , while p53 , Caspase-3 , Caspase-8 and TUNEL positive cells were elevated(P<0. 01). Inter-vention of CRMP2 eukaryotic plasmid resulted in the increased expression of CRMP2 and BCL2 ( P<0. 01 ) and the decreased p53 , Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 ex-pression. In TUNEL test, overexpression of CRMP2 obviously decreased the number of TUNEL positive cells(P<0. 01). The expression of BDNF was upregu-lated after cerebral ischemic injury ( P<0. 01 ) , while overexpression of CRMP2 increased BDNF more signif-icantly ( P <0. 01 ) . TTC staining showed cerebral in-farction Volume of MCAO + CRMP2/GFP group was obviously decreased ( P <0. 01 ) , and neurologic defi-cits were significantly improved ( P <0. 01 ) . Conclu-sion The overexpression of CRMP2 reduces nerve cell apoptosis possibly by regulating the mitochondrial ap-optosis pathway after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in-jury to protect nervous system.

Aim: To establish a method for the determination of pantoprazole sodium and its related substances. Methods: A column packed with octadecylsiance bonded silica gel (250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5 pjn) was used. The 0. 01 mol/L monopotassium phosphate solution( adjusted with phosphoric acid to pH 7. 0) -acetonitrile were adopted as the mobile phase, a gradient elution was programmed as follows: 0→30 min(90:10-60:40), 30→45 min(60: 40→15: 85); the detection wavelength was 289 nm; the column temperature was 40 ℃; the flow rate was 1. 0 mL/min. Results: Pantoprazole sodium, the intermediates and its related substances could be well separated. A good linear relationship was obtained over the range of 6. 96-48. 72 μg/mL( r =0. 999 9). The limit detection and quantisation of pantoprazole sodium were 8.51 ng and 17.0 ng, respectively. Conclusion: This method can be applied to control the related substances of pantoprazole sodium and determine pantoprazole sodi-um.

Objective To explore and identify the correlation of CTP classification,MELD score of patients with cirrhosis after hepatitis between different TCM syndromes.Methods For 135 patients comply with hepatitis B cirrhosis standard,standardized TCM syndrome differentiation and laboratory tests is executed so as to analyze the correlation of CTP classification,MELD score of patients with cirrhosis after hepatitis between different TCM syndromes.Results The liver function CTP classification in liver Qi stagnation syndrome and dump-heat accumulation syndrome patients mainly scores to Class A,and the MELD score less than 10 points-based.The liver function CTP classification in Yin deficiency of Liver and kidney,Yang deficiency of spleen and kidney and blood stasis syndromes mainly scores to Class B-C,and the MELD scores more than 10 points basically.Yin deficiency of Liver and kidney,Yang deficiency of spleen and kidney and blood stasis syndromes take majority in advanced cirrhosis patients compared with liver Qi stagnation syndrome and dump-heat accumulation syndrome take majority in early stage cirrhosis patients.Conclusion Matches the traditional view in TCM that form Qi stagnation,to damp heat-water stopped,to blood stasis-Yang and Yin deficiency is the regular pathogenesis evolution pattern of post-hepatitis cirrhosis.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of total saponins from stems and leaves of Panax ginseng (GSLS) on cisplatin (CDDP)-induced kidney damage in mice and its possible mechanism. METHODS Thirty-two male ICR mice were randomly divided into normal control group, CDDP group, and GSLS(150 and 300)+CDDP groups. GSLS was administered to mice by oral gavage once a day for 7 d. On the 7th day, a single injection of CDDP 20 mg·kg-1 was given 1 h after GSLS 150 and 300 mg·kg-1 before GSLS 150 and 300 mg·kg-1 continued to be given for 3 d. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) , catalase (CAT) in renal tissue, reduced glutathione (GSH), tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α) and interleukin 1β(IL-1β) of cisplatin induced mice were detected after 72 h. HE and PAS staining were used to observe the renal histopathological changes;While TUNEL and Hoechst33258 staining were employed to observe apoptosis in kidney tissues. RESULTS Compared with normal control group, CDDP group had a significant reduction in relative body mass (P<0.05), and the level of GSH and CAT in kidney tissues (P<0.05). The level of CRE, BUN, TNF-α, and IL-1βin serum and renal indexes significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01), especially BUN and CRE that respectively doubled and quadrupled. CDDP group developed glomerulus swelling, renal tubular expansion and epithelial cell necrosis. Trans?parent tube type of tube cavity appeared, the nucleus pycnosis disappeared, but renal interstitial edema and inflammatory cell infiltration appeared. There was a large amount of glycogen deposition and high expressions of TUNEL positive cells and Hoechst33258 positive cells. Compared with CDDP group, the levels of BUN and CRE in GSLS treatment group significantly decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01) in serum, glycogen deposition was reducted and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells decreased in kidney tissues (P<0.05). The level of TNF-α, IL-1β(P<0.05) and the degree of renal tissue necrosis were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in CDDP+GSLS 300 group, but there was a significant increase in the level of CAT and GSH (P<0.05). CONCLUSION GSLS can protect against mouse kidney injury induced by cisplatin. The mechanism may be related to oxidation, reduced inflammation reaction and resistance to apoptosis.