Along with the application and development of the assisted reproductive technology in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,the emergence of frozen embryos in the law,medicine,and ethics area are gradually increased.Two-child policy makes more older couples choose assisted reproductive technology,which will cause more disputes about frozen embryos.There is no unified conclusion of the legal status of human embryos,and there exists three main views of embryos namely property,person and intermediate state.Defined the legal status of frozen embryos as ethical substance,this paper analyzed the main position and possible legal and ethical issues involved in the disposal of frozen embryos through three typical cases.

Objective To study the prevalence and variation of influenza B viruses of Shenzhen. Methods Fifty strains influenza B viruses in Shenzhen from 1994 to 2006 were selected. HA1 gene were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of HA1 was conducted by MEGA program. Results The influenza B viruses of Shenzhen were divided into Yamagata and Victoria lineage. The two lineages prevailed respectively in different years from 1994 to 2006. The variance of glycosylation site and some mutations of antigenic determinants were detected in the two lineages. Conclusion The viruses of Yamagata and Victoria lineage prevailed respectively in different years in Shenzhen but the mutation rates of the two lineages were slowly.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have found that the susceptibility genes of adiponectin gene and calpain 10 gene of type 2 diabetes are closely related with the incidence of diabetes in Chinese renal transplantation patients. So, are other susceptibility genes of type 2 diabetes also associated with posttransplantation diabetes mel itus? OBJECTIVE:To investigate the association between the zinc transporter solute carrier family 30 member 8 (SLC30A8) gene polymorphism and the posttransplantation diabetes mel itus. METHODS:A total of 97 patients with posttransplantation diabetes mel itus and 301 patents without posttransplantation diabetes mel itus (control group) were selected, and then the SLC30A8 gene rs13266634 genotype was detected with real-time PCR method. The association between gene polymorphism and posttransplantation diabetes mel itus was analyzed with Logistic regression test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:There were significant differences in al ele frequencies and genotype distributions of rs13266634 between the patients with and without posttransplantation diabetes mel itus (P<0.05). After adjustments of age, sex, body weight and body mass index, the incidence of posttransplantation diabetes mel itus of the CC genotype patients was 2.108 times to that of the TT genotype patients (odds ratio=2.108, 95%confidence interval:1.075-4.131, P=0.044);and the incidence of posttransplantation diabetes mel itus of the CC+CT genotype patients was 1.862 times to that of the TT genotype patients (odds ratio=1.862, 95%confidence interval:1.049-3.306, P=0.034). The results suggest that the C-al ele in rs13266634 of SLC30A8 gene is the independent risk factor of posttransplantation diabetes mel itus.

AIM:To investigate the changes of visual development produced by monocular atropinization in rats.
METHODS: Twenty normal SD rats were randomly divided into two groups: control group ( n = 10 ) and atropinization ( experimental) group ( n=10 ) . All the left eyes were selected as the experimental eyes, and the right eyes served as the normal eyes. The left eyes in atropinization group was produced by 1% atropine, 3 times a day and the right eyes in control group was treated with normal saline, 3 times a day. The flash visual evoked potentials ( F-VEP ) and retinoscopy refraction of the rats'both eyes were detected at five time points:0, 7, 14, 21, and 28d after atropinization, respectively. After 28d, six rats were randomly selected from both groups and each group had three rats. The expression of the c- fos mRNA was observed in both visual cortexes. Another six rats were chosen for the same test after 2d dark environment with 2h light later. The expression of c-fos mRNA was detected again.
RESULTS: After 14d anisometropia was observed in experimental group, the difference was 3. 9D ( P<
0.0 5 ) , F-VEP P1 wave of the rats left in experimental group was reached to 88. 9±1. 889ms at 21d, there was statistical difference compared with the right eye ( P<0.05). After 28d, c-fos mRNA expression in the left visual cortex of rats in the experimental group was higher than that of the right side, but there was no significant difference. But when underwent 2h light stimulation after in the darkroom 2d, the c-fos mRNA expression in in the left visual cortex of rats in the experimental group was 5 times higher than that of the right side, there was a statistically significant difference (P<0. 05).
CONCLUSION: In the critical period of visual development, monocular chronic atropine in rats can form anisometropia, may delay the transmission of the optic nerve, hinder the normal development of the visual cortex. Monocular atropinization in rats can be used as the model of anisometropia.

The definition of critical quality attributes of Chinese materia medica ( CMM) was put forward based on the top-level design concept. Nowadays, coupled with the development of rapid analytical science, rapid assessment of critical quality attributes of CMM was firstly carried out, which was the secondary discipline branch of CMM. Taking near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as an example, which is a rapid analytical technology in pharmaceutical process over the past decade, systematic review is the chemometric parameters in NIR model evaluation. According to the characteristics of complexity of CMM and trace components analysis, a multi-source information fusion strategy of NIR model was developed for assessment of critical quality attributes of CMM. The strategy has provided guideline for NIR reliable analysis in critical quality attributes of CMM.
Materia Medica ; standards ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; methods

Objective To investigate the differently expressed genes in human ovarian carcinoma, and to reveal the molecular mechanism of the cancerous development. Methods The specimens of human ovarian serous adenocarcinoma tissues in stage III, and of normal human ovarian tissues as control were excised during surgery for present study. Clinical stages were determined by the Federation International of Gynecology and Obstetrids (FIGO). Total RNA was isolated from human ovarian tissues, and cDNA probe was labeled and purified. The amount of radioactivity incorporated into the cDNA probes was checked by a scintillation counter. The profiles of gene expression were compared between carcinomas and normal ovarian tissues by cDNA microarray which contained 588 genes totally. Results Forty-four differentially expressed genes were identified from the 588 genes which were from ovarian carcinoma and normal ovarian tissues and compared with cDNA expression array and analyzed by AtlasImage 1.01 software. 11 of the 44 genes were up-regulated in ovarian carcinoma tissues (including c-erbB2, neu, c-fos, c-myc proto-oncogenes, HER2 receptor, and so on), and the other 33 genes were down-regulated (including RAR, MMP18, MMP19, p21, DNA-PK, and so on). Conclusion The gene expressions in human ovarian carcinoma have been detected in present study. It is the differently expressed genes that help us to disclose the potential molecular mechanisms of the developmental process of human ovarian carcinogenesis. The differently expressed genes may provide a useful hallmark for the early diagnosis of human ovarian carcinoma.

Objective To explore the normal range of the caudate nucleus' volume in Chinese adults of the Han nationality and provide morphological data for the construction of database for Chinese Standard Brain.Methods This was a clinical multi-center study.One thousand Chinese healthy volunteers (age range=18 to 70)recruited from 16 hospitals were divided into 5 groups,i.e.,Group A(age range=18 to 30),B(age range=31 to 40),C(age range=41 to 50),D(age range=51 to 60),and E(age range=61 to 70).Each group contained 100 males and 100 females.All of the volunteers were scanned by MR using T1 weighted three-dimensional magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo sequence.The volume of eaudate was measured manually using 3D volume analysis software.The difierence of volumes of the eaudate between male and female were analyzed by independent sample t-test,and among age groups by ANOVA.Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to characterize the relationship between volunles and age.The differences of measurements between left and right caudate nucleus were analyzed by paired t test.Results (1)rnle mean volume of bilateral caudate nucleus in healthy Chinese adults wag(10.973±1.647)cm3.The mean volume of the the male's left and right caudate nucleus were(5.656±0.860)and (5.671±0.855)cm3 respectively,no significant differences were found between the volume of left and right eaudate nucleus(t=1.230.P>0.05).The mean volume of the the female's left and right eaudate nucleus were(5.287±0.774)and(5.331±0.766)cm3 respectively,and the right's wag larger than the left's with significant differences(t=3.999,P<0.01);(2)Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between the nucleus volume and age(male and female's,left and fight)(r=-0.561,-0.568,-0.548,-0.552,P<0.05).Conclusion With high-resolution MRI and 3D volumetric analytic software(Midob),the volume of the caudate nucleus can be accurately measured,so as to provide the basic data for establishing Chinese adults' standard digital brain.and provide nomad control standards for caudate nucleus volume-related diseases.

Objective To analyze neuraminidase(NA) inhibitor resistance of seasonal H1N1 influenza A viruses isolated in Shenzhen during 2008 to 2009. Methods The NA gene of these viruses were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences was performed with Mega3. 1 software. Results In 2008, most isolates of the seasonal H1 N1 virus were susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors, but the H275Y mutation in the neuraminidase gene region associated with high-level oseltamivir resistance had been detected in 92.6% of the strains isolated in 2009. Furthermore, a strain with Q136K was found, which showed the resistance to Zanamivir. Conclusion In the light of emerging resistance, close monitoring and understanding of the nature and dynamics of resistance mutations in influenza virus should be a priority.

The regulatory region and the signal peptide sequence of the sacB gene has been amplified by PCR using Bacillus subtilis chromosomal DNA as template, and an inducible secretion vector has been developed based on this sequence, which was ligated with Bacillus subtilis alkaline proteinase gene. Transform Bacillus subtilis DB403 with this vector, and the expression of the inserted Bacillus subtilis alkaline proteinase gene can be induced by addition of sucrose into the medium.

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans are able to synthesize intra-cellular electron-dense magnetite,which makes possible that the bio-nano-magnetic particles could be obtained by cultivating Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. In order to isolate the strain which has the capacity to produce more magnetic particles, the solid-plate magnetophoresis method was firstly created. After isolation using the method, the rate of the cells which contain intra-cellular magnetic particles was increased from 30% to more than 90%, in addition, after isolation each cell possessed 2~5 magnetic particles which disperse in cells. The isolated cells are able to orient and migrate to the magnet in artificial magnetic field but could not orient swimming only under the geomagnetic field. Magnetosomes produced by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans were range from 40nm to 90 nm according to the results of TEM. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that extracted magnetic particles consisted of oxygen and iron. The results show that some Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cells have weak magnetotaxis and they could be able to be separated by solid-plate magnetophoresis method from others. With the development of this new isolation method, it is possible to do deeper research to generate a comprehensive description of the mechanism that how Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans synthesize the magnetic particles.