Along with the application and development of the assisted reproductive technology in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,the emergence of frozen embryos in the law,medicine,and ethics area are gradually increased.Two-child policy makes more older couples choose assisted reproductive technology,which will cause more disputes about frozen embryos.There is no unified conclusion of the legal status of human embryos,and there exists three main views of embryos namely property,person and intermediate state.Defined the legal status of frozen embryos as ethical substance,this paper analyzed the main position and possible legal and ethical issues involved in the disposal of frozen embryos through three typical cases.

Objective To study the prevalence and variation of influenza B viruses of Shenzhen. Methods Fifty strains influenza B viruses in Shenzhen from 1994 to 2006 were selected. HA1 gene were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of HA1 was conducted by MEGA program. Results The influenza B viruses of Shenzhen were divided into Yamagata and Victoria lineage. The two lineages prevailed respectively in different years from 1994 to 2006. The variance of glycosylation site and some mutations of antigenic determinants were detected in the two lineages. Conclusion The viruses of Yamagata and Victoria lineage prevailed respectively in different years in Shenzhen but the mutation rates of the two lineages were slowly.

AIM:To investigate the changes of visual development produced by monocular atropinization in rats.
METHODS: Twenty normal SD rats were randomly divided into two groups: control group ( n = 10 ) and atropinization ( experimental) group ( n=10 ) . All the left eyes were selected as the experimental eyes, and the right eyes served as the normal eyes. The left eyes in atropinization group was produced by 1% atropine, 3 times a day and the right eyes in control group was treated with normal saline, 3 times a day. The flash visual evoked potentials ( F-VEP ) and retinoscopy refraction of the rats'both eyes were detected at five time points:0, 7, 14, 21, and 28d after atropinization, respectively. After 28d, six rats were randomly selected from both groups and each group had three rats. The expression of the c- fos mRNA was observed in both visual cortexes. Another six rats were chosen for the same test after 2d dark environment with 2h light later. The expression of c-fos mRNA was detected again.
RESULTS: After 14d anisometropia was observed in experimental group, the difference was 3. 9D ( P<
0.0 5 ) , F-VEP P1 wave of the rats left in experimental group was reached to 88. 9±1. 889ms at 21d, there was statistical difference compared with the right eye ( P<0.05). After 28d, c-fos mRNA expression in the left visual cortex of rats in the experimental group was higher than that of the right side, but there was no significant difference. But when underwent 2h light stimulation after in the darkroom 2d, the c-fos mRNA expression in in the left visual cortex of rats in the experimental group was 5 times higher than that of the right side, there was a statistically significant difference (P<0. 05).
CONCLUSION: In the critical period of visual development, monocular chronic atropine in rats can form anisometropia, may delay the transmission of the optic nerve, hinder the normal development of the visual cortex. Monocular atropinization in rats can be used as the model of anisometropia.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have found that the susceptibility genes of adiponectin gene and calpain 10 gene of type 2 diabetes are closely related with the incidence of diabetes in Chinese renal transplantation patients. So, are other susceptibility genes of type 2 diabetes also associated with posttransplantation diabetes mel itus? OBJECTIVE:To investigate the association between the zinc transporter solute carrier family 30 member 8 (SLC30A8) gene polymorphism and the posttransplantation diabetes mel itus. METHODS:A total of 97 patients with posttransplantation diabetes mel itus and 301 patents without posttransplantation diabetes mel itus (control group) were selected, and then the SLC30A8 gene rs13266634 genotype was detected with real-time PCR method. The association between gene polymorphism and posttransplantation diabetes mel itus was analyzed with Logistic regression test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:There were significant differences in al ele frequencies and genotype distributions of rs13266634 between the patients with and without posttransplantation diabetes mel itus (P<0.05). After adjustments of age, sex, body weight and body mass index, the incidence of posttransplantation diabetes mel itus of the CC genotype patients was 2.108 times to that of the TT genotype patients (odds ratio=2.108, 95%confidence interval:1.075-4.131, P=0.044);and the incidence of posttransplantation diabetes mel itus of the CC+CT genotype patients was 1.862 times to that of the TT genotype patients (odds ratio=1.862, 95%confidence interval:1.049-3.306, P=0.034). The results suggest that the C-al ele in rs13266634 of SLC30A8 gene is the independent risk factor of posttransplantation diabetes mel itus.

The definition of critical quality attributes of Chinese materia medica ( CMM) was put forward based on the top-level design concept. Nowadays, coupled with the development of rapid analytical science, rapid assessment of critical quality attributes of CMM was firstly carried out, which was the secondary discipline branch of CMM. Taking near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as an example, which is a rapid analytical technology in pharmaceutical process over the past decade, systematic review is the chemometric parameters in NIR model evaluation. According to the characteristics of complexity of CMM and trace components analysis, a multi-source information fusion strategy of NIR model was developed for assessment of critical quality attributes of CMM. The strategy has provided guideline for NIR reliable analysis in critical quality attributes of CMM.
Materia Medica ; standards ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; methods

Adult ; Coal Mining ; Dermatitis, Occupational ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence

OBJECTIVEXinmailong, a compound extracted from Periplaneta americana, is used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the effects of Xinmailong on myocardial hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and plasma endothelin-1(ET-1) levels in neonatal rats with asphyxia and explored the protection mechanism of Xinmailong in hypoxia-ischemic myocardial injury.

METHODSSeven-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=30 each): sham-operated, asphyxia, Xinmailong-treated asphyxia. Each group was randomly subdivided into three groups according to the observed time points: 6 hrs, 24 hrs and 72 hrs. Xinmailong (5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to the rats in the Xinmailong-treated group five minutes before asphyxia. Myocardial HIF-1alpha expression, and plasma ET-1 and creatine kinase (CK) levels were measured. The histopathologic changes of the myocardium were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining.

RESULTSFour rats died in the asphyxia group while only one died in the Xinmailong-treated group during the experiment. The plasma ET-1 and CK levels as well as myocardial HIF-1alpha expression increased at 6 hrs, reached a peak at 24 hrs, and declined at 72 hrs after asphyxia in the asphyxia group, being higher than that in the sham-operated group (P<0.01). Myocardial ischemia was observed in the three time points, and cell necrosis occurred at 24 hrs after asphyxia in the asphyxia group. Myocardial HIF-1alpha expression was positively correlated with plasma ET-1 levels (r=0.876, P<0.01). In the Xinmailong-treated group, plasma levels of CK and ET-1 as well as myocardial HIF-1alpha expression were significantly lower than those in the asphyxia group (P<0.01). Myocardial ischemia was alleviated and no cell necrosis was found in the Xinmailong-treated group.

CONCLUSIONSAsphyxia leads to increase in myocardial HIF-1alpha expression and plasma levels of ET-1 and CK. Xinmailong can reduce the myocardial expression of HIF-1alpha and decrease plasma ET-1 levels, thus alleviating hypoxia-ischemic myocardial injury.

Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Asphyxia ; metabolism ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Endothelin-1 ; blood ; Female ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; analysis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia ; drug therapy ; Myocardium ; pathology ; Periplaneta ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

The regulatory region and the signal peptide sequence of the sacB gene has been amplified by PCR using Bacillus subtilis chromosomal DNA as template, and an inducible secretion vector has been developed based on this sequence, which was ligated with Bacillus subtilis alkaline proteinase gene. Transform Bacillus subtilis DB403 with this vector, and the expression of the inserted Bacillus subtilis alkaline proteinase gene can be induced by addition of sucrose into the medium.

Objective To analyze neuraminidase(NA) inhibitor resistance of seasonal H1N1 influenza A viruses isolated in Shenzhen during 2008 to 2009. Methods The NA gene of these viruses were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences was performed with Mega3. 1 software. Results In 2008, most isolates of the seasonal H1 N1 virus were susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors, but the H275Y mutation in the neuraminidase gene region associated with high-level oseltamivir resistance had been detected in 92.6% of the strains isolated in 2009. Furthermore, a strain with Q136K was found, which showed the resistance to Zanamivir. Conclusion In the light of emerging resistance, close monitoring and understanding of the nature and dynamics of resistance mutations in influenza virus should be a priority.

The expression of KAI1/CD82 and MRP-1/CD9 in transitional cell carcinoma of bladder (TCCB) and its clinical significance were investigated. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect KAI1/CD82 and MRP-1/CD9 protein expression in 52 TCCB specimens. Correlation between the expression of KAI1/CD82 and MRP-1/CD9 to clinicopathologic factors was statistically analyzed. The results showed that the positive rate of KAI1/CD82 and MRP-1/CD9 in TCCB was 50% and 61.5%, respectively. The MRP-1/CD9 and KAI1/CD82 expression was significantly associated with grade of TCCB (P<0.05), but no correlation was found between MRP-1/CD9 or KAI1/CD82 expression and clinical stage of TCCB (P>0.05). The expression level of MRP-1/CD9 and KAI1/CD82 in recurrent TCCB samples was lower than that in non-recurrent samples (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the correlation between the KAI1/CD82 expression and MRP-1/CD9 expression was statistically significant (r=0.316, P<0.05). It was concluded that KAI1/CD82 and MRP-1/CD9 expression may be important prognostic indicators and potentially useful for assessing the biological behavior of TCCB.