Objective To optimize the extracting process of alkaloid from Nelumbo nucifera leaves by multi-stage countercurrent extraction.Methods The spectrophotometry was used to determine the alkaloids.The extracting process of alkaloid was optimized by L16(44) to observe the effect of extraction time,extraction temperature,solid to liquid ratio,and ethanol concentration,respectively.Results The optimum extraction parameters were extraction time 25 min,extraction temperation 90 ℃,solid to liquid ratio 1∶50,and ethanol concentration 70%.Conclusion The multi-stage countercurrent extraction is used to the extracting process of alkaloid from N.nucifera leaves.

Shanyao (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) is the one of the conventional herbs in the clinical practice, which is good at nourishing yin, and entering the lung, spleen and kidney meridian. Through analysis on all formulae contain-ing Shanyao in past dynasties, we found out the top 30 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbs for the highest frequency in combination with Shanyao, among which there were 28 herbs recorded in the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (Shen Nong's Classic of the Materia Medica) and 23 herbs were considered as the top grade medicinals. This article was focused on the analysis of the compatibility meaning and rules of Shanyao and supplementing medic-inals in order to provide scientific basis for clinical formulae and daily health cultivation so as to make good use of Shanyao.

Objective To investigate multiparametric immunophenotypic features in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia(AML)-M_2 bearing AML-1/ETO gene rearrangements and its predicting value.Methods A multiparametric flow cytometry was used in the study of phenotypic characterization of the subtype of AML.Immunophenotype of 30 patients with AML(M_2/ETO~+)was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH).The results were compared with 36 patients of AML-M_2 with AML-1/ETO~- (M_2/ETO~-)and 34 acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL)patients.Results There were a population. 15.89%-68.53% the blast cell and a population of more differentiated and heterogeneous myeloid cells in the marrow of 30 patients with M_2/ETO~+.The blast cells had a myeloid phenotype(CD_(33),CD_(13)and MPO) and showed a characteristic pattern of antigen expression.The fluorescent intensity of CD_(33)in patients with M_2/ETO~+ was less than in patients with M_2/ETO~-and APL [ mean fluorescent intensity(MFI):98?75 v. 244?184 and 845?523,both P

Objective:To optimize and improve the content determination method for nitroglycerin ointment. Methods:An HPLC method was used,the column was Hypersil ODS(150 mm × 4. 6 mm,5 μm),the mobile phase was acetonitrile ∶water(50 ∶50),the detection wavelength was set at 220 nm,the flow rate was 1 ml·min-1 ,the column temperature was 30℃,and the injection volume was 20 μl. Results: The results showed a good linear relationship within the concentration range of 0. 020 3-0. 203 3 mg · ml-1 ( r =0. 999 9),and the average recovery was 99. 51%(RSD=1. 06%,n=9). Conclusion: The method is rapid,accurate and reproduci-ble,and can be used to determine the content of nitroglycerin in nitroglycerin ointment.

OBJECTIVE To know the clinical antibacterial use by line category in pediatric outpatients and emergency departments.METHODS The antibacterial use by line category from the 38998 prescriptions of pediatric outpatient and emergency departments of a hospital from Jul 1st to Dec 31st 2008 according to the medicament amount and frequency were surveyed and analyzed.RESULTS First-line antibacterial drug DDDs accounted for 37.4% and 24.7% of the total amount;second-line drug DDDs accounted for 48.7% and 40.8% of the total amount and the third-line drug DDDs accounted for 13.9% and 35.0% of the total amount.The top three by total amount were cefmetazole sodium injection,azithromycin sodium injection and Cefuroxime sodium injection.According to the sorting method of DDDs,the top three were cefprozil dry suspension,azithromycin sodium injection and amoxicillin sodium clavulanate potassium injection.CONCLUSIONS Frequency of the third-line antibacterial drug using is relatively high.Clinicians have a tendency to skip a line category in using drugs.Effective measures should be taken to strengthen the management of antibacterials.

BACKGROUND: Serious scalding leads to dysfunction of each aspect in immune system, and activated macrophage can secret many bioactive transmitters. The relationship between macrophage dysfunction and signal conduction after scalding is unclear at present.OBJECTIVE: To observe the alternation of tumor necrosis factor- alpha(TNF-α) at different time points after scalding and the activity of nuclear factor κB(NF-κB) and alternation of protein kinase C (PKC) after the application of specific modulator H-7 to explore whether PKC participates in the modulation of TNF-α in macrophage on signal conduction level for the clarification of some mechanisms of macrophage dysfunction.DESIGN: A randomized controlled experimental study by employing experimental animals as subjectsSETTING: An institute of burn research of a military medical university MATERIALS: The study was conducted in the Laboratory (state) of the Institute of Burn Research, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA between January and December 1999. Experimental animals were 32 healthy clean inbreeding Kunming white mice.METHODS: 15% Ⅲ scalding was created in mice for the establishment of routine scalding model. Mice were randomly divided into 6 groups according to different time points before or after scalding, I.e. 0(normal control group), 2, 6, 12, 24, or 48 hours group. Celiac macrophages were collected for the detection of TNF-α content by radioimmunoassay, NF-κB activity by electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA), and membrane or plasma PKC activity by isotope analysis.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① TNF-α content; ② NF-κB activity; ③Membrane or plasma PKC activity RESULTS: After scalding, macrophage excessively secreted TNF-α and reached its peak of (1 085.65 ± 122.99) ng/L at 12 hours, which was significantly higher than that of control group( t = 14.92, P ＜ 0.01 ).Compared with control group, membrane PKC activity increased after scalding, which significantly heightened to(231.80 ± 31.66) nmol/min · g at 2hours( t = 7. 930, P ＜ 0.01 ), slightly decreased to close to normal level of (174.29±16.80) nmol/min· gat 6hours(t=2.531, P ＜0.05), and rapidly elevated at 12 hours [512. 10 ±33.42) nmol/min · g] and 24 hours [ (454.70 ± 21.06) nmol/min · g] to reach its peak of(530.49 ± 28.54)nmol/min. G at 48 hours( t = 29.42, 28.03, 30. 19, P ＜ 0. 01 ). Correlation analysis of the alternation between TNF-α and membrane PKC indicated a significant positive correlation( r = 0. 796 4, P ＜ 0. 05) . As indicated by EMSA image, NF-κB activity significantly elevated after scalding. Twelve hours after scalding was set as modulation point, NF-κB activity was significantly inhibited by the application of H-7.CONCLUSION: The secretion of TNF-α and the activities of PKC and NF-κB are significantly activated in celiac macrophage after scalding, and PKC-NF-κB signal pathway participates in the modulation of TNF-α expression, which provide experimental data for the modulation of immune function and rehabilitative intervention during scalding.serious scalding.

BACKGROUND: Severe scald injury leads to a variety of disorders in the immune system. Activated macrophages are known to secrete many kinds of biologically active transmitter, but the relation between the functional disorder of the macrophages and signal transduction after burn injury has not been fully understood.OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes in nuclear factor(NF) -κκB activity and expressions of IκκB-α and tumor necrosis factor(TNF) -α in peritoneal macrophage of mice at different time points after severe scald injury and after the application of specific NF-κκB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), thereby to explore the mechanism of macrophage dysfunction in light of signal transduction.DESIGN: A randomized controlled experimental research.SETTING: State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the State Key Laboratory of Institute of Burn Research, Third Military Medical University during the period from January to June, 1999, using 30 healthy clean-grade Kunming mice of inbred strain.INTERVENTIONS: Common scald injury models(with third degree burn of 15% total body surface area) were established in the mice, which were randomized into 6 groups according to different time points after the injury for observation, namely 0 hour(normal control group) and postburn 2, 6, 12,24 and 48 hours. Peritoneal macrophages were collected at these time points for examining TNF-α content using radio-immunoassay and NF-κκB activity by means of electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA). The expressions of IκκB-α and TNF-α mRNA were determined by immunoblotting method and reverse transcription-PCR, respectively.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Examinations of ① the content of TNF-α, ② NF-κκB activity,③ expression of IκB-α, and ④ expression of TNF-α mRNA.RESULTS: Macrophage secretion of TNF-α was enhanced postburn, reaching the peak level at 12 hours[(1085.65 ± 122.99) ng/L], which was significantly higher than that in the normal control group( t = 14.92, P ＜ 0.01) .Postburn NF-κκB activity significantly increased after the injury, peaking at 2 hours[ (56. 8 ± 7.3)RDU], which occurred much earlier than the peak of TNF-α secretion( t=13. 31, P ＜ 0.01 ). Compared with that in the normal control group, IκB-α expression decreased significantly 2 hours postburn ( t =4. 23, P ＜ 0. 01) to 0. 632 ±0. 086, followed by gradual increase to the peak level to 1. 161 ± 0. 097 24 hours after the burn injury( t = 7.06, P＜ 0. 01) and then by slight decrease to 1. 149 ±0. 167 till 48 hours(t = 4. 82, P ＜ 0.01) . Twelve hours after injury was the time point for intervention with PDTC application, when NF-κκB activity and TNF-α mRNA expression both decreased significantly( P ＜ 0.01 ).CONCLUSION: NF-κB activity and TNF-αmRNA expression decrease significantly after severe scald. At high levels, IκB-α and NF-κκB maintain an interaction for their restriction. After burn injury, NF-κκB signal transduction pathway is involved in the modulation of TNF-α expression in mouse peritoneal macrophage.

Furthering of the health reform calls for better health care system,greater public financing,and deepened reform of public hospitals.Introduced in this paper are the actions taken and outcomes of the health reform in Changchun city,including the essential medicines system to minimize drug prices,improvement of the primary healthcare system to minimize people's financial burden,greater public spending to enhance public welfare nature of medical institutions,enhanced competencies of primary medical institutions to introduce rational classification of patient flow,and enhanced equity of public services to promote people's health.On such basis,further reform proposals were made for Changchun's health reform.

Objective To explore the association of lipid metabolism and bomocysteine with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and observe the inflammatory reaction and the pathological change of placenta.Methods We conducted a prospective randomized placebo-controlled study.Seventy-four cases with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy were recruited as the experimental group and 77 cases of normal pregnant women were recruited as matched control group from Aug.2008 to Mar.2010.The relationship between lipid metabolism and homocysteine was analyzed.Results There was significant difference between the two groups in body-mass index before pregnancy(29.03±4.52 vs.23.99±5.90,t =5.88),cholesterol[(6.16±1.48)mmol/L vs.(5.01±1.05) mmmol/L,t =5.52],low density lipoprotein[(3.46±1.35) mmol/L vs.(2.26±0.86) mmol/L,t =6.54]and C-reactive protein[(29.04±14.90) mmol/L vs.(15.48±4.57) mmol/L,t =7.62](P ＜ 0.05).No significant difference was found on triglycerides[(3.29±1.03) mmol/L vs.(3.49±1.37) mmol/L],high density lipoprotein[(1.84±0.40) mmol/L vs.(1.88±0.35) mmol/L],homocysteine [(8.77±2.65) mmol/L vs.(8.40±2.03) mmol/L]and neonatal weight[(3547±519)g vs.(3431±461)g](P ＞ 0.05).Significant difference exists in placenta pathology of infarction(54.55％ vs.31.04％),villi dysplasia,fit nodules form and hypoxia(65.46％ vs.39.66％)(P ＜0.05).Conclusion We should detect lipid,homocysteine and C-reactive protein by dynamic combinational ways,pay more attention to women with high BMI before pregnancy,and value placenta pathology research on hypertensive disorders in pregnant women.This has high clinical significance in revealing the etiology of hypertensive disorders in pregnant women and improving pregnant outcomes.

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of volatile oil from flower of Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lind1. Methods: The chemical compositions of volatile oil of the plant which were obtained by steam distillation with hexane were analyzed by GC-MS equipped with a elastic quartz capillary column-HP-5MS5% Phenyl Methyl Siloxane (30 m? 0.25 mm ?0.25 ?m). The constituents were identifi ed by their mass spectra. The relative percentage of the oil constituents was calculated from the GC peak areas. Results: Eighty-nine kinds of chemical constituents in Dendrobium candidum Wall.ex Lind1.flower were separated; of which fifty-nine compounds representing 76.51% of the oil were characterized. Relative contents that were more than 2.0% were determined as Nonanal 9.21%, Eudesma-5,11-dien-8,12-olide 5.55%, (E)-2-Decenal 4.63%, 2,3-Dehydro- 1,8-cineole 4.39%, Pentacosane 4.03%,?-Cedrol 3.69%, Isoalantolactone 3.65%, (E)-2-Heptenal 3.60%, E,E-2,4-Decadienal 2.14%,?-Phorone 2.03%.Conclusion: This paper reports, for the first time, the composition of volatile oils of Dendrobium candidum Wall.ex Lind1.flower by GC/MS.