Animals ; Female ; Hypoxia ; prevention & control ; Ketamine ; pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Selenium ; pharmacology ; Tea

Streptomyces sp. A048 was cultured in a complete medium to the last stage of log phase,the hyphae were washed and collected by centrifugation. Then the hyphae were inoculated in liquid medium for chitinase production using two-step fermentation. Activity of chitinase produced by two-step fermentation was 1.1 times higher than that from one-step fermentation,and ferment cycle was for 54 hours,which was 66 hours shorter than that of one-step fermentation. The hyphae and the powder of chitin were co-immobilizated and cultured in liquid medium for 36 hours,activity of chitinase was 1.8 times higher than that from one-step fermentation,and ferment cycle was 54h shorter than that of one-step fermentation. By adding 0.4% cellulose to two-step fermentation,activity of chitinase was 18.52 U/mL that was 4 times higher than that from the control and 10 times higher than that from one-step fermentation. Two step fermentation with chitin and cellulose may be the optimal fermentation process to produce Chitinase from Streptomyces sp. A048.

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, two important glycoproteins on the surface of influenza virus, play a considerable role in the entry and release stage of the viral life cycle, respectively. With in-depth investigation of influenza virus glycoproteins and the continuous innovation of drug discovery strategies, a new generation of glycoproteins inhibitors have been continuously discovered. From the point of view of medicinal chemistry, this review summarizes the current advances in seeking small-molecule inhibitors targeting influenza virus glycoproteins, hoping to provide valuable guidance for future development of novel antiviral drugs.

With low molecular weight chitosan and poloxamer 188 as the joint carriers, ginsenoside Rg3 solid dispersions were prepared by using the solvent evaporation method for an in vitro dissolution test. Subsequently, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (X-RD) were adopted for a phase analysis. The results showed that the 60 min in vitro cumulative dissolution rate of ginsenoside Rg3 solid dispersions prepared with low molecular weight chitosan and poloxamer 188 at the ratio of 2:1 exceeded 90%, and the drug was dispersed in carriers in an amorphous state. Therefore, ginsenoside Rg3 solid dispersions prepared with low molecular weight chitosan and poloxamer 188 could help significantly improve the drug dissolution, with a practical application value.
Chitosan ; chemistry ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Ginsenosides ; chemistry ; Molecular Weight ; Poloxamer ; chemistry ; Solvents ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo explore the value of spinal canal and dural sac dimensions for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation in MRI.

METHODSThe clinical data of 144 patients with single-level lumbar disc herniation underwent nonsurgical or surgical treatment from January 2010 to December 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 91 patients in the nonsurgical group, including 55 males and 36 females, ranging in age from 20 to 68 years old with an average of (43.37±12.48) years; and there were 53 patients in the surgical group, including 28 males and 25 females, ranging in age from 20 to 64 years old with an average of (42.98±12.95) years. JOA scores (29 scores) were used to evaluate clinical manifestation (including subjective symptoms, objective findings, limitation of daily activities and bladder function) and outcomes. The parameters related to spinal canal and dural sac dimensions (including spinal canal midsagittal diameter and available diameter, lateral recess width, spinal canal and dural sac cross-sectional area) in the initial axial T2-weighted MRI were measured, and odds ratio of available diameter to midsagittal diameter, odds ratio of lateral recess width to midsagittal diameter and area ratio of dural sac to spinal canal were calculated. Then, the differences of all parameters between two groups, and the correlations with initial JOA scores were analyzed.

RESULTS(1) All patients were followed up from 1 to 3 years with an average of 2.1 years. JOA scores before treatment were 16.27±2.96 in nonsurgical group and 12.64±3.30 in surgical group, there was statistically significant difference (t=6.319, P<0.01). At final follow-up time, there was no statistically significant difference in JOA scores (25.41±2.22 vs 25.76±2.29), improvement rate [(72.95±12.54)% vs (76.80±9.45)%], and the excellent and good rate (84.91% vs 78.02%) between two groups (P>0.05). But, the relapse rate of nonsurgical group was higher than surgical group (14.29% vs 5.67%). (2) Spinal canal midsagittal diameter and available diameter, lateral recess width, spinal canal and dural sac area, the ratio of available diameter to midsagittal diameter, and the ratio of lateral recess width to midsagittal diameter in surgical group were smaller than that of nonsurgical group, but the area ratio of dural sac to spinal canal was larger, and there were statistically significant differences between two groups (P<0.01). (3) The initial JOA scores showed significantly positive correlation with spinal canal midsagittal diameter and available diameter, lateral recess width, and canal and dural sac area (P<0.01); also presented positive correlation with the ratio of available diameter to midsagittal diameter and the ratio of lateral recess width to midsagittal diameter (P<0.05); but there was a significantly negative correlation between initial JOA scores and the area ratio of dural sac to spinal canal.

CONCLUSIONBoth nonsurgical and surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation can obtain good effect, but the recurrence rate of non-surgical treatment is higher. Preoperative MRI measurement parameters of spinal canal and dural sac dimensions has certain value for the treatment selection of lumbar disc herniation, but further refinement and validation is still required.

Adult ; Aged ; Dura Mater ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; pathology ; therapy ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Spinal Canal ; pathology

This study is to investigate the effect of ethyl gallate on invasion capabilities and its mechanism of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Using cell adhesion and transwell assay, separately, the effects of ethyl gallate on the invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells were measured. The Akt-NF-κB signal pathway protein expressions were analyzed with Western blot. Also, the mRNA levels of MMP-9 and MMP-2 were analyzed by RT-PCR. Ethyl gallate inhibited the abilities of motility, adhesion and invasion of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro (P<0.05), inhibited the mRNA levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, phosphorylation of AKt and protein expression of NF-κB. It is concluded that ethyl gallate can inhibit the abilities of invasion of breast cancer in vitro by inhibiting the mRNA levels of MMP-9/MMP-2, phosphorylation of Akt and protein expression of NF-κB.
Breast Neoplasms ; pathology ; Cell Adhesion ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; drug effects ; Gallic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ; metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; metabolism ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; Signal Transduction

This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of gastric banding (GB), Roux en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) and biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) in the treatment of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ani-mal models of T2DM were induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection and high-sugar-fat diets. A total of 70 T2DM rats were randomly allocated into the GB group (G group, n = 20), RYGBP group (R group, n = 20), BPD group ( B group , n = 20 ) , and the sham operation group ( S group , n = 10 ) . The fasting blood glucose ( BG ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) and insulin ( INS ) content were determined before and 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 8 , 16 weeks after operation. The insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was calculated. The mortality and complications were ob-served in each group. The results showed that the fasting weight of the GB group, RYGBP group and BPD group were (324.4 ± 22.5) g, (338.9 ± 17.5) g, (333.3 ± 28.4) g, respectively. The BG content was (12.44 ± 1.29) mmol/L, (9.70 ± 0.81) mmol/L, (11.93 ± 2.39) mmol/L, respectively. The TC content was (2.32 ± 0.45) mmol/L, (2.22 ± 0.79) mmol/L, (2.13 ± 0.31) mmol/L, respectively. The TG content was (1.38 ± 0.32) mmol/L, (1.16± 0.41) mmol/L, (1.23 ± 0.35) mmol/L, respectively. The ISI were (-6.38 ± 0.29), (-6.67 ± 0.24), (-6.65 ±0.23), respectively. And the INS content of the RYGBP group were (69.43 ± 18.73) mU/L. There were signifi-cant differences between before and after operation on the 16th week ( P < 0 . 05 , P < 0 . 01 ) . The mortality rate was 5% in the GB group, 20% in the RYGBP group, and 35% in the BPD group. It was concluded that the GB, RYGBP and BPD are effective in reducing blood glucose and blood lipids in the treatment of rat with T2DM. The treatment effect is obvious in the improvement of insulin resistance ( IR ) .

Clinical medicine is a comprehensive discipline integrating natural science and hu-manities and social science. Lemology is closely related with basic medicine and medical microbiology and medical immunology are the basis of lemology. Therefore, in the process of cultivating postgradu-ates of lemology, we should not only should attach importance to the cultivation of basic medical knowl-edge and clinical professional quality, but also pay more attention to the development of the intelligence factors and non-intelligence factors. Meanwhile education on humanity, social sciences and relevant laws and regulations should be enhanced to cultivate doctors' professional quality. Reverse thinking and lateral thinking in the clinical diagnosis should be strengthened to achieve the training objectives of cultivating international medical talents.

Because of the specificity of infectious diseases , the the medical ethics education and concepts need to be paid more attention to .During the clinical teaching of infectious diseases , pay attention to teachers′medical ethics accomplishment level of ascension , teaching teachers should play the role of shape model , encourage interac-tion, eliminate the fear and discrimination interns and strengthen medical ethics consciousness and the combination of legal concepts , promote the medical students medical ethics consciousness of the form .

In order to analyze the immunogenicity of the recombinant EG95s protein ,the recombinant plasmids of pET-1EG95s ,pET-2EG95s and pET-3EG95s which containing respectively 1 ,2 ,and 3 copies EG95s were induced to express HIS-1EG95s ,HIS-2EG95s and HIS-3EG95s ,and then the proteins were purified and identified by western-blotting .The same im-mune process was used ,and 8 weeks-old BALB/c mice were immunized ,then its immunogenicity was analyzed by detecting an-tibody levels in mice by indirect ELISA method .Results showed that for recombinant EG95s proteins after transformation , HIS-1EG95s ,HIS-2EG95s ,and HIS-3EG95s also retained immunogenicity and could induce specific antibodies in mice .One week's late after the first immunization with HIS-1EG95s ,the antibody level of was significantly higher than HIS-2EG95s and HIS-3EG95s .But began from 2 weeks after immunization ,the antibody level of HIS-3EG95s was always higher than that of HIS-1EG95s group during the period of the immune .Both the final antibody titers after immunization of HIS-1EG95s and HIS-2EG95s groups was 1∶819 200 ,while HIS-3EG95s group was 1∶163 840 0 .HIS-1EG95s ,HIS-2EG95s and HIS-3EG95s all induced IFN-γin immune mice ,but the difference was not significant .The HIS-1EG95s showed lower response to Echinococ-cus granulosus positive serum than HIS-2EG95s and HIS-3EG95s .It’s indicated that the HIS-1EG95s and HIS-3EG95s also had good immunogenicity .HIS-3EG95s make recombinant protein immunic effects more lasting ,and benefit to generate more long-lasting protective immunity .This study provides the scientific basis for the immunization of echinococcosis (hydatidosis) .