Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway, which was the first cell signal transduction pathway to be discovered, consisted of Ras, Raf, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. After the activation of ERK1/2 pathway, extracellular signals can be transmitted from the cell membrane to the nucleus. It was involved in many physiological and pathological functions of cells, such as growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and etc. It was also related to the onset of many diseases, which included multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The activation of ERK1/2 pathway can induce the activation of astrocyte, MG, T cell and macrophage, which released a variety of inflammatory cytokines. It caused myelin damage which induced MS/EAE onset. A number of studies indicated that inhibiting ERK1/2 pathway can reduce the releasing of inflammatory cytokines and myelin damage for MS/EAE alleviation. It provided an important target for the development of MS treatment medication.

Objective To detect the level of Tnl and T.2 type cytokines in the patients with lym-phoma in order to find out the laboratory evidence of tumor immunotherapy. Methods The levels of serum IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 were measured by cytometric bead array (CBA) in 92 patients with lymphoma, and 70 normal sera as control. Results The levels of TH1 type cytokincs in 92 patients with lymphoma were: IFN-γ (34.26 ± 33.48) pg/ml, TNF-α (8.17 ± 10. 09) pg/ml, IL-2 (3.74 ±1.72) pg/ml; and the levels of TH2 type cytokines were: IL-10 (6. 28±8.56) pg/ml, IL-5 (3.53 ±3.20) pg/ml, IL-4 (6.22±7.13) pg/ml. The levels of TH1 and TH2 cytokines in lymphoma patients were significantly higher than those in controls(P ＜ 0.01) except TNF-α. And the rate of IL-2/IL-4 was signifi-cantly decreased in lymphoma patients(P ＜0.01). The level of IL-10 in Ⅲ/Ⅳ stage lymphoma patients was much higher than that in Ⅰ/Ⅱ stage patients(P ＜0.01). The level of IFN-γ/was significantly decreased in aged patients with lymphoma (P ＜0. 05). Conclusion TH 1/TH2 is imbalance in lymphoma, which may provide clinical index for the evaluation of progrossien and prognosis. In the lymphoma patients TH1/TH2 shifts to TH2, which may be the mechanism of tumor arising and transferring by immune escape from immu-nosurveillance.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Fructose ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Tourette Syndrome ; drug therapy

Objective To analyze the efficacy and safety of different chemotherapy regimens for treatment of progressive patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) brain metastasis after radiotherapy. Methods 96 SCLC brain metastasis patients with progressive intracranial lesions after radiotherapy were divided into four groups: carmustine group (Group A, 28 cases), temozolomide group (Group B, 19 cases), topotecan group (Group C, 24 cases) and no chemotherapy group (Group D, 25 cases). Results In terms of brain metastases, there were no complete response cases in the whole groups. The rates of partial remission (PR), stable disease (SD) and progression of disease (PD) in Group A were 17.8%(5/28), 53.6%(15/28) and 28.6 % (8/28), respectively, the response rate (RR) of intracranial lesions was 17.9 % (5/28), and disease control (CR+PR+SD) rate was 71.4%(20/28). The rates of PR, SD and PD in Group B were 15.8%(3/19), 63.2 % (12/19) and 21.1 % (4/19), respectively, the RR of intracranial lesions was 15.8 % (3/19), and disease control rate was 78.9 % (15/19). The rates of PR, SD and PD in Group D were 8.3 % (2/24), 54.2 %(13/24) and 37.5 % (9/24), respectively, the RR rate of intracranial lesions was 8.3 % (2/24), and disease control rate was 62.5 % (15/24). In Group D, there was no response case, and 20 patients with PD (80.0 %) were found. The median progression-free survivals (PFSs) were (3.64 ±0.43) months, (4.68 ±0.49) months,(3.58 ±0.50) months, (2.60 ±0.31) months in Group A, B, C and D, respectively, and the median overall survivals (OSs) were (18.80±1.74) months, (18.76±1.85) months, (19.10±1.64) months and (9.64±0.84) months, respectively. The median OS of Group A, B or C was longer than that of Group D (P=0.002). The differences of grade Ⅲ-Ⅳhematologic toxicities among the four subgroups were not statistically different. Patients in Group B had better tolerance to nausea and vomit. In Group D, the central nervous system symptoms such as fatigue and headache occurred frequently. Conclusions The response rate and OS of SCLC brain metastasis patients with progressive intracranial lesions after radiotherapy are improved after chemotherapy, however, PFS is not significantly prolonged. The efficacies of carmustine, temozolomide and topotecan are similar in short and long term, besides, temozolomide shows less adverse events and a higher disease control rate. The application of chemotherapy that could penetrate the blood-brain barrier can improve the efficacy on SCLC brain metastasis patients with progressive intracranial lesions after radiotherapy with well tolerance.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Contrast Media ; adverse effects ; Coronary Angiography ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Iohexol ; adverse effects ; Kidney ; drug effects ; physiology ; Male ; beta 2-Microglobulin ; urine

Adolescent ; Adult ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Child ; Female ; Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal ; complications ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

Objective To observe the influence of diabetes mellitus or insulin on fluctuations of serum potassium in patients with maintenance hemodialysis.Methods 52 cases of hemodialysis patients,including 30 non-diabetes patients,11 patients with diabetes but not using insulin,11 diabetes patients using insulin.At the time of 0,24,48 h during dialysis,we collected serum samples from the 52 patients,serum potassium was compared among the three groups.Results On 0,24,48 h,serum potassium level of the diabetes but not using insulin group had no significant difference with the non-diabetes group.While in diabetes using insulin group,serum potassium level was lower compared with the non-diabetes group or diabetes not using insulin group.Conclusions Diabetes itself had no effect on serum potassium fluctuations of maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients,however,insulin can reduce the pre-dialysis serum potassium levels of MHD patients.

Mobile reading has greatly impacted the use of printed Chinese books in academic libraries.It is the most important task to introduce the users-needed books in order to improve their utilization.Acquisition of Chinese books should be arranged closely around the need of users by studying the reading features of users under mobile reading environment and establishing the open channels for book recommendation and feedback information in order to improve its quality .

Objective To study the effect of different fraction interval with same total radiation dose on tumor growth delay and survival in C57BL mice implanted with lewis lung cancer,and to determine whether prolonged fraction interval will decrease the tumor response to radiation. Methods Forty-eight mice were implanted with lewis lung cancer in the back legs.When the diameter of transplanted tumor reached 0.8 to 1 cm,the mice were randomized into 6 groups:normal control group,single fraction of 18 Gy group,18 Gy in 2 fractions of 9 Gy at 30 min interval group,18 Gy in 7 fractions of 2.57 Gy at 5 min inter val group,18 Gy in 2 fractions of 9 Gy at 60 min interval group and 18 Gy in 7 fractions of 2.57 Gy at 10 rain interval group.The maximal and minimal diameters of the tumor were measured and record every other day to study the tumor growth tendency,the tumor growth delay and the mice survival time. Results The tumor growth delay of groups at prolonged fraction interval was shorter than the group with single fraction of 18 Gy (P < 0.05).The tumor growth delay of groups at fraction interval of 30 rain was longer than that of groups at interval of 60 rain (P < 0.05).There was no significant difference of the tumor growth delay be tween the groups with same delivery time (P >0.05).The mice survival time of the groups with prolonged fraction interval was shortened when omparing to the group with single fraction of 18 Gy.While the difference was not significant between the groups at fraction interval of 30 min and 60 min. Conclusions The pro longed fraction interval but same total radiation dose shortens the tumor growth delay and survival time in the mice implanted with Lewis lung cancer.The longer fraction interval impairs the tumor control more signifi candy.However the difference of the effect on mice survival time is not significant between the groups at fraction interval of 30 min and 60 min.

ObjectiveTo analyze the mental health level and the correlative factors of elderly reflux esophaditis patients.Methods86 elderly reflux esophagitis patients were tested with Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90) and the Correlative Factor Inquiry List.ResultsThe total SCL-90 scores of the patients was 137.5±27, the number of symptomatic items was 29.9±17, which was significantly higher than that of domestic norm ( P<0.01). Besides of psychopathic and phobic, other factor scores of SCL-90 were also significantly higher than that of domestic norm ( P<0.05～0.01). The somatization, depression and anxiety were first three factors according to significant level. The constitution of patients showed the normal distribution at the level of total SCL-90 score.ConclusionMental health level of elderly reflux esophaditis patients is lower than that of normal people. The two primary reasons are long-term trend and stress of disease.