Renal cell carcinoma(RCC)is currently one of treatment-resistant malignancies and is not sensitive to conventional radiotherapy or chemotherapy.The effective rate of high dose of recombinant human interleukin-2(IL-2)and recombinant human interferon-α(IFN-α)was only 10%-15%.Advances in the understanding of cancer at molecular level have led to more progress in the development of anti-cancer agents.Recently,mutation of Von Hippel-Lindau(VHL),Ras,PTEN genes have been observed in RCC and the mutation can result in different expression levels of RTK.Among the newly invented medications for targeted cancer therapy,protein kinase inhibitors target intracellular molecules crucial in sighaling pathways of cancer cell survival and proliferation.Compared with conventional chemotherapy and immune therapy,targeted therapy is effective,with fewer adverse effects.According to 2009 NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in oncology,this article reviewed the clinical application of sunitinib,sorafenib,temsirolimus,and bevacizumab in the targeted therapy for renal cell carcinoma.

Humans ; Liver Diseases ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Oleanolic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Phytotherapy ; Saponins ; therapeutic use

Objective To study the percentage of HBV specific CD3 + T cells in the peripheral blood of chronic hepatitis B patients. Methods HLA A 2 patients were screened by MHC:Ig dimer reagent. HLA A 2 restricted HBV core, polymerase, and surface peptides were added to T cells of chronic hepatitis B patients, followed by double staining with anti CD3 antibodies and antibodies reactive with the heavy chain of Ig. FACS was used for monitoring HBV specific T cell percentage. Results 23/54 (42.6%) patients belonged to HLA A 2. Fifteen of them were reacted with HBV peptides. CD3 + T cells of five patients showed higher percentage of binding with the HBV peptides than that in the controls. Four patients showed CD3 + T cells binding with S peptide, one with P peptide and one binding with both S and P peptide. Conclusions The percentage of T cells which could bind with HBV peptide was low in chronic hepatitis B and the binding efficiency was low as well. The MHC:Ig dimer reagent is convenient for counting the number of HBV specific T cells, but the nonspecific staining background seems to be relatively high. However, this technology is useful to monitor changes of immune responses in chronic hepatitis B patients during immuno therapy.

Objective To approach the medicine-Schisandraceae-protective actions to the mice of experimental Kidney Yin deficiency from different angles. Method To observe the level of SOD and OFR in the female rats ovary tissue in order to prove the medicine’s curative effect. Result Schisandraceae can obviously increase the SOD and decrease the OFR to experimental Kidney Yin deficiency mice. Conclusion Schisandraceae has very obviously protective action to experimental Kidney Yin deficiency by influencing content of SOD and OFR of female mice ovary tissue.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma subtyping.Methods 206 cases with renal tumors were confirmed by pathology and surgery from June 2012 to June 2014,including 113 male cases and 93 female cases.The mean age was 54 years (range 23-80 years).The subtype of renal tumor included clear cell carcinoma in 147 cases,papillary cell carcinoma in 32 cases,chromophobe cell carcinoma in 27 cases.All patients were received the CEUS before operation.The enhancement patterns,degree of enhancement,the appearance of necrosis and the time-intensity curve by contrast-enhanced ultrasound were analyzed.Results Enhancement patterns of CEUS were showed by fast in and fast out in 63.9％ (94/147)cases with clear cell carcinoma,59.4％ (19/32) cases with papillary cell carcinoma,51.9％ (14/27) cases with chromophobe cell carcinoma.Statistical significant diference was shown among those subtype groups (P ＜ 0.05).Most of the clear cell carcinomas (127/147,86.4％) showed hyperenhancing.While,the papillary renal cell carcinoma (22/32,68.8％) and chromophobe cell carcinoma (15/27,55.6％) showed hypoenhancing (P ＜ 0.05).The rate of necrosis in clear renal cell carcinoma was 62.6％ (92/147),and 59.4％ (19/32) in papillary cell carcinoma.necrosis area accounted for only 18.5％ (5/27)in chromophobe cell carcinoma (P ＜ 0.05).In the time-intensity curve analysis,the initial time,the average arrival time,the time to peak and area under the curve in renal cortex was (11.06 ± 2.75) s,(23.42 ± 2.79) s,(27.47 ± 3.02) dB,(35.01 ± 2.94)dB,respectively.Significant differences in those items were found in clear cell carcinoma,which was(8.01 ± 1.89) s,(20.05 ± 3.01) s,(30.03 ± 2.98) dB,(37.64 ± 4.01) dB respectively,compared with those in cortex (P ＜ 0.05).The arrival time,time to peak,peak intensity and area under the curve in papillary cell carcinoma were (1 1.12 ± 2.43) s,(27.29 ± 3.54) s,(20.13 ± 2.67) dB,(34.67 ±3.24) dB,respectively.The curve showed the time to peak was higher and the peak intensity were lower than those of renal cortex (P ＜0.05).The arrival time,time to peak,peak intensity and area under the curve in chromophobe cell carcinoma were (11.32 ± 2.90) s,(22.21 ± 3.62) s,(22.02 ± 2.52) dB,(28.67 ± 3.65) dB,respectively.The curve demonstrated peak intensity and area under the curve were lower than those of surrounding renal cortex (P ＜ 0.05).The increase of tumor diameter after contrast-enhanced ultrasound in clear cell carcinoma was about (0.35 ± 0.11)cm and in nonclear cell carcinoma was about (0.23 ± 0.10) cm (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The contrast-enhanced ultrasound played an important role in diagnosis and subtype renal cell carcinoma.

Objective To evaluate the preclinical safety of 2-methoxyestradiol nanosuspension. Methods The safety of 2-methoxyestradiol nanosuspension for injection was observed through vascular stimulation test of the ear vein on rabbits, hemolytic test using rabbit erythrocytes, active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) test on guinea pigs and acute toxicity test on mice. Results 2-Methoxyestradiol nanosuspension injection had no irritating effects on vessels, and no haemocytolysis, agglutination and ASA occurred.ASA test showed no allergy symptoms such as piloerection, nose rubbing and dyspnea in guinea pigs 30 min after sensitization.Acute toxicity test revealed that no pathological changes, including black spots and hyperaemia, were visually observed on the heart, liver and lungs after 14 days of intravenous administration. Conclusion 2-Methoxyestradiol nanosuspension injection is relatively safe, with low toxicity, and no hemolytic, anaphylactic and irritating effects. It may be clinically used for injection.

Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Humans ; Toluidines ; blood

ObjectiveTo retrospectively analyze the relationship between clinicopathological,biological characteristics and the outcome of renal cell carcinoma(RCC) and evaluate the risk factors related to metastasis in young patients.MethodsThe data of 83 RCC patients younger than 40-year-old, treated from January 1986 to December 2007 in Tianjin Cancer Hospital,were analyzed retrospectively.The complete follow-up data of the 83 cases were collected.The operative methods included partial and radical surgery.Clinical staging were consistent with the 2004 UICC TNM classification criterion.The histological sections were reviewed.Various biological factors including VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, PDGFR-α, PDGFR-β, c-kit and PCNA were tested by immunohistochemistry staining.The adjuvant radiation therapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy after operation were carried out on the basis of pathological and biological features.The 83 cases were divided into two groups according to metastasis and non-metastasis status within 5 years.The prognosis related factors including clinical factors, pathological and biological factors were evaluated.Chi-square test was used for the analysis of 5-years metastasis status; and multivariate analysis was carried out using Cox proportional hazards models to assess the independent effect of the metastasis factors (the test standard α = 0.05).ResultsThe 5-year follow-up data showed that the metastasis rate in the 83 cases was 16.87％ (14/83).The Chi-square test results indicated that the patients with clinical stage Ⅲ and grade 3 had the highest metastasis rate (57.14％ and 78.57％respectively,x2 =38.042, x2 = 9.820; Ps ＜ 0.01) .The VEGFR-3 and PCNA positive expression rates were 92.86％ and 85.71％ respectively in metastasis group.The metastatic risk of early stage patients was 3.444 times as much as the advanced stage patients.ConclusionThe young patients with clinical advanced renal cell carcinoma had worse outcome.The stage,grade, VEGFR-3 and PCNA expression were the risk factors correlated with the metastasis risk for young RCC patients.TNM stage was an independent predictive risk factor of metastasis in young patients.

Objective To investigate the clinic pathologic features of young patients with renal malignant tumour by comparing with older patients. Methods The clinical data of 83 younger adults(age,≤40 years) with renal cell carcinoma and 703 cases of older renal cell carcinoma (age＞40 years)was analyzed and compared retrospectively. All of the patients were surgically treated between 1986and 2007. Results Among patients with symptoms, younger female patients were more likely to have abdominal pain(12/27, 44.4% vs. 154/703, 21.9%)and mass (2/27, 7.4% vs. 154/703,1.3%)than older (P＜0.05). The older groups were more likely to have dear cell carcinoma than in the younger(501/703, 71.3% vs. 47/83, 56.6%)(P＜0.05). The rate of PRCC has the trends to be higher in young patients than that in older patients (21/83, 25.3% vs. 118/703, 16.8%) (P=0.054),especially in male patients (17/56, 30.4 %) (P=0.011). The rate of MFH and leiomyosarcoma was significantly higher in young patients than that in older patients (6/83, 7.2% vs. 12/703,1.7%) (P＜ 0.05), especially in female patients (4/27,14.8%). Younger male patients were more likely to have a higher incidence of small tumors (T≤4 cm)(24/56,42.9 % vs. 173/703,24.6 % )(P＜0.05)and a lower incidence of big RCC(T＞7 cm) than older patients(12/56,21.4% vs. 295/703,42.0%) (P＜0.05). Conclusion Younger female renal cell carcinoma patients tends to have worseprognosis than older patients, while younger male patients have better prognosis due to different pathology.

Asphyxia Neonatorum ; blood ; drug therapy ; Creatine Kinase, MB Form ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Naltrexone ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; blood ; Peptide Fragments ; blood