Geographic tongue, also called benign migratory glossitis, is a common and superficial benign inflammatory disorder that affects the tongue epithelium. The majority of geographic tongue lesions typically manifest as irregular central erythematous patches. These lesions, which are caused by the loss of filiform papillae, are defined by an elevated whitish band-like border that can change location, size, and pattern over a period of time. Histological observations of the oral mucosa affected by geographic tongue revealed nonspecific inflammation. Some reports described cases of migratory stomatitis, wherein lesions simultaneously manifested on the extra lingual oral mucosa. This condition is also called ectopic geographic tongue, which is clinically and histologically similar to the type normally confined to the tongue. In most cases, patients are asymptomatic and do not require treatment. The condition may spontaneously exhibit periods of remission and exacerbation with good prognosis. The specific etiology of geographic tongue remains unknown. Geographic tongue is age-related and is prevalent among young individuals. Various etiological factors that have been suggested in literature include immunological factors, genetic factors, atopic or allergic tendency, emotional stress, tobacco consumption, hormonal disturbances, and zinc deficiency. Geographic tongue may coexist with other disorders, such as fissured tongue, psoriasis, diabetes mellitus, gastroin- testinal diseases, burning mouth syndrome, and Down syndrome. Experts currently disagree on whether geographic tongue is an oral manifestation of psoriasis. Moreover, some scholars suggest that geographic tongue is a prestage of fissured tongue. The objective of this review is to summarize current research on risk factors of geographic tongue.
Epithelium ; Female ; Glossitis, Benign Migratory ; Humans ; Mouth Mucosa ; Risk Factors ; Tongue ; Tongue, Fissured

Objective:To investigate serum high sensitive C-reactive protein levels in type 2 diabetic patients with periodontal diseases,and to explore the relationship between serum high sensitive C-reactive protein levels and periodontal diseases in type 2 diabetic patients.Methods:The study included 20 type 2 diabetic patients with moderate or severe periodontal diseases,20 type 2 diabetic patients without periodontal diseases and 20 normal as control.Serum hs-CRP,HbA1c and other biochemical parameters were detected.Results:Compared with normal control and type 2 diabetic subjects without periodontal diseases,serum hs-CRP levels in type 2 diabetic patients with moderate or severe periodontal diseases were significantly increased.Serum hs-CRP levels were significantly elevated in type 2 diabetic patients without periodontal diseases compared with normal control subjects(P

Obesity is becoming a chronic epidemic worldwide. Persistent obesity, in addition to triggering changes in skeletal muscle function and structure, may also lead to the occurrence of skeletal muscle atrophy, that maybe associate with autophagy and ubiquitin protea-some, interleukin-6, leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, growth hormone, angiotensin II, glucocorticoid, ad-vanced glycation end-product and myostatin, etc.

AIM:To observe the characterization in neural cells derived from the hippocampus of embryonic rats and to examine the effect of myelin-associated glycoprotein(MAG) on the proliferation,differentiation and neurite growth of neural stem cells(NSCs).METHODS:The hippocampus cells of embryonic rats were isolated and cultured in vitro.The expressions of nestin and doublecortin,the marks of NSCs,were observed by immunocytochemical method.The rate of proliferating cells was examined by BrdU immunocytochemistry.The average neuronal neurite length and the percentage of differentiated neurons were detected by immunocytochemistry staining.RESULTS:The hippocampus cells of 16 days old embryonic rats had the characteristics of NSCs.The percentage of differentiated neurons(?-tubulin Ⅲ-positive cells) was 18.17%?2.79% and the average neuronal neurite length was(136.27?33.66)?m,seven days after the differentiation initiated in vitro in control group.After NSCs were treated with MAG-Fc(200 ?g/L),the percentage of differentiated neurons and the average neurite length were decreased,respectively,to 10.05%?3.42%(P0.05).CONCLUSION:MAG-Fc inhibits the differentiation and neurite growth of the NSCs,but has no effect on the proliferation.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the result of hip arthroplasty for failed internal fixation of femoral neck fractures.

METHODSFrom June 2007 to January 2014, 29 cases who underwent hip arthroplasty for failed of internal fixation of femoral neck fractures were reviewed. There were 12 males and 17 females. The mean age was 60.3 years (ranged 43 to 83 years) at the time of the fracture. Left hip was in 16 cases, right hip was in 13 cases. The average interval from fracture to arthroplasty was 23.3 months (ranged, 3 to 48 months).

RESULTSAll of 29 cases were performed total hip arthroplasty. There were 20 cases of cementless cup,7 cases of cementless cup with bone graft, 2 cases of cemented cup with bone graft; 13 cases of cementless stem, 16 cases of cemented stem. There were no complications occurred such as intraoperative fracture of the greater trochanter. The average operative time was (115 ± 38) minutes,the mean intraoperative blood loss was (420 ± 175) ml, the average postoperative drainage volume (240 ± 119) ml, intraoperative blood transfusion was (200 ± 220) ml, intraoperative fluid volume was (2,200 ± 400) ml, the average postoperative blood transfusion was (300 ± 200) ml. There was 1 case get postoperative dislocation. All patients were followed up for 14.7 months in average (ranged, 5 to 24 months). There was no revision for mechanical failure. Harris Hip Score significantly was improved from 51.1 ± 7.5 before the conversion to 88.5 ± 6.4 points at the final follow-up.

CONCLUSIONThe effect of the hip replacement for patients with failed internal fixation of femoral neck fractures was confirmed. This method can shorten the time on the bed and reduce the complications. It benefits the patients earlier functional recovery, but it must control operation indication. The long term efficacy is necessary to further observation.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; methods ; Female ; Femoral Neck Fractures ; surgery ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Failure

Objective To explore the effects of visfatin in glucose metabolism by testing the expression of visfatin in liver of rats in different glucose metabolic statuses .Methods SD rats were randomly divided into five groups :normal control group (NC group) ,diet induce obesity group (DIO group) ,diabetes mellitus group (DM group) ,diabetes controlled by insulin group (INS group)and diabetes controlled by metformin group (MET group) .Tested the data of blood glucose (FPG) ,triglyceride(TG) ,total cholesterol(TC) ,free fat acid(FFA) ,fasting insulin(Fins) .The liver of rats was used to test visfatin ,glucose‐6‐phosphatase(G‐6‐pase) mRNA by RT‐PCR and visfatin ,AMP‐activated protein kinase‐α (AMPKα) ,phosphor‐AMP‐activated protein kinase‐α (p‐AMPKα) protein by Western blot .Results FBG of group DM increased than group NC and DIO (P< 0 .01) ;FBG of group INS and MET decresed than group DM (P < 0 .01) ;HOMA‐IR of group DIO and DM increased than group NC (P < 0 .01) ;HOMA‐IR of group DM increased than group DIO (P< 0 .01) .ISI of group DIO and DM decresed than group NC (P< 0 .01) ;ISI of group DM de‐creased than group DIO(P< 0 .01) .TG of group DIO increased than group NC (P< 0 .01) .TG of group INS and MET decreased than group DM (P< 0 .05) .The level of TG and TC of group DM ,INS and MET increased than group NC (P< 0 .05) .The level of serum FFA of group DM ,INS and MET were significantly higher than group NC (P < 0 .05) ;FFA of group DM increased than group DIO(P< 0 .05) .The expression of visfatin mRNA of group DM increased than group NC and DIO (P< 0 .05) ;visfatin mRNA of group INS and MET decreased than group DM (P< 0 .01) .Group DM ,INS and MET had a significantly higher level of G‐6‐Pase mRNA of than group DIO( P < 0 .05) ;Group MET had a significantly lower level of G‐6‐Pase mRNA of than group DM (P <0 .05) .The expression of visfatin protein of group DM ,INS and MET increased than group NC ( P < 0 .05) .The expression of AMPKα protein of group DM ,INS and MET decresed than group NC(P< 0 .05) ;AMPKα of group DM decresed than group DIO (P<0 .05) .The expression of p‐AMPKα protein of group DIO ,DM ,INS and MET decresed than group NC (P< 0 .01) .Conclusion The ex‐pression of visfatin in liver of SD rats might have something to do with insulin resistance and diabetes .We could′t consider that visfatin can affect the pathway of metformin activated AMPK to decrease blood glucose .

Objective:To evaluate the effect of microevolution on phenotypes and drug resistance of the Trichosporon asahii biofilm. Methods:The standard strain of Trichosporon asahii was obtained from the Fungal Biodiversity Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, the fluconazole-sensitive primary strain (TO) of Trichosporon asahii was isolated from a case of trichosporonosis diagnosed in the Department of Dermatology, the Seventh Medical Center of Chinese People′s Liberation Army General Hospital in 2000, and the fluconazole-resistant evolved strain (TEVO) of Trichosporon asahii was isolated from the above patient in 2014. Biofilms of the above-mentioned strains were formed in vitro, and tetrazolium salt XTT reduction assay was performed to evaluate growth kinetics of the Trichosporon asahii biofilm, and laser scanning confocal microscopy to determine the thickness of the biofilm; the sessile minimum inhibitory concentrations (SMICs) of fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole against the biofilms at different growth stages were determined in vitro for the evaluation of the resistance of the biofilms. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparisons among multiple groups, and Hartley test for testing homogeneity of variance. If the variance was homogeneous, least significant difference test was used for multiple comparisons; if the variance was heterogeneous, Tamhane′ T2 test was used for multiple comparisons. Results:In the adhesion (0 h) and formation stages (4- 24 hours) of the Trichosporon asahii biofilm, the metabolic activity of the evolved strain TEVO was the weakest (adhesion stage: F = 35.705, P < 0.001; formation stage: F = 15.042, P < 0.001) . At 48 hours after adhesion, the biofilms matured, and the TO strain showed the weakest metabolic activity ( F = 10.985, P < 0.001) . In the maturation stage, the biofilm thickness of the TEVO strain (26.1 ± 1.18 μm) was significantly higher than that of the TO strain (22.8 ± 1.73 μm, P = 0.001) , but significantly lower than that of the standard strain (29.5 ± 1.28 μm, P = 0.001) . As drug susceptibility testing showed, the SMICs of azole antifungal agents against the TEVO strain were higher than those against the TO strain in the adhesion and formation stages of the Trichosporon asahii biofilm, and the SMICs of azole antifungal agents against the biofilms of the 3 strains of Trichosporon asahii were all over 1 024 mg/L in the maturation stage of the biofilm. Conclusion:Under the dual pressure of host environment and antifungal drugs, adaptive changes took place in the phenotypes of the Trichosporon asahii biofilm with an increase in the resistance to azole antifungal drugs.

Objective To analyze the peculiarity of infants steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) and to assess the efficacy,side-effect and relapse of various of Tacrolimus prescribed in infants SRNS.Methods A total of 76 case of infant SRNS from August 2012 to August 2015 in Guangzhou Weman and Children's Medical Center grouped into oral Tacrolimus (TAC group),Methyprenisolone pulse therapy (MP group) and Methyprenisolong combined Cyclophosphamide(CTX) pulse therapy(MP + CTX group),were observed for 1 year,and the urine protein excretion,renal function (CCr),blood glucose (B G),urine retinal-binding-protein (URBP),lymphocyte count etc.were recorded and the situation of infection and relapse regularly were monitored regularly.The data were retrospectively analyzed by the statistical method.Results All SRNS children underwent kidney biopsy,and 36 cases of minimal change disease,32 cases of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and 8 cases of focal segmental glome-rulosclerosis were contained in the patients.The pathological constituent ratios were not obviously different among these 3 groups.By 6-month follow-up,the complete remission ratio of TAC group was 63.64％,the total remission ratio was 95.45％,which were remarkably higher than those of MP group (26.09％,60.87％) and MP + CTX group (41.94％,74.19％);the urine protein excretion of TAC group [(7.8 ± 8.6) mg/(kg · d)] was distinctly lower than that of pretreatment and lower than that of MP group [(144.2 ± 118.3) mg/(kg · d)],and lower than that of MP + CTX group [(91.3 ± 87.4) mg/(kg · d)],and the difference was significant (F =22.69,P ＜ 0.05).The remission time of TAC group was about 2 months,that of other two groups was about 3 months.By 1-year follow-up,the lymphocyte counts including total T-cell (CD3 +),the helper T-cell (CD4 +) and the inhibited T-cell (CD8 +) of TAC group decreased obviously(all P ＜ 0.01),which were extremely lower than those of the M P group and MP + CTX group,and there were significant differences (all P ＜ 0.05).By 1-year follow-up,the person-time of infection existed superior to the other 2 groups,TAC group was compared with MP plus group,the rank sum was 348.5 (U =-3.69,P ＜ 0.01);compared with MP + CTX plus group,the rank sum was 369.5 (U =-4.18,P ＜ 0.01).During the observation the URBP of TAC group was distinctly higher than that of the MP group and the MP + CTX group [(13.77 ± 19.19) mg/L vs.(2.50 ± 1.77) mg/L,(2.06 ±3.63) mg/L],and the differences were significant(t =3.16,2.99,all P ＜0.05);the TAC group with BG and CCr maintained stably.Conclusions Tacrolimus shows its own advantages of more reliable effect and less side-effect in the infants with SRNS over MP therapy and MP combined CTX therapy,but it could not lessen the recurrence of the disease,and its long-term prognosis is still not very clear.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To investigate the effects of induced pluripotent stem cells-derived mesenchymal stem cells ( iPSC-MSCs) on cobalt chloride ( CoCl2 )-induced injuries of PC12 cells and its possible mechanism.METHODS:PC12 cells were exposed to CoCl2 to set up a chemical-induced cellular injury model and were cocultured with iPSC-MSCs.The cell viability was tested by CCK-8 assay.The apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry using Annexin V/PI staining.The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was analyzed by flow cytometry using JC-1 staining.Immunofluorescence was employed to observe mitochondrial transfer from iPSC-MSCs to PC12 cells.RESULTS: Apoptosis of PC12 cells was in-creased and MMP of PC12 cells was decreased after exposed to CoCl2 at concentration of 400μmol/L for 24 h.Coculture of PC12 cells with iPSC-MSCs reduced the apoptosis and recovered the MMP of the PC12 cells.Tunneling nanotubes were formed between iPSC-MSCs and PC12 cells, through which the iPSC-MSCs transferred the mitochondria to the PC12 cells. CONCLUSION:iPSC-MSCs protect PC12 cells from CoCl2-induced injuries, which may be associated with the mitochon-drial transfer from iPSC-MSCs to PC12 cells.

Objective To investigate the relationship between absent or hypoplastic fetal nasal bone and chromosome abnormalities.Methods From January 2010 to April 2014,187 fetuses were found to have absent or hypoplastic nasal bone by prenatal ultrasound scanning in Guangzhou Maternal and Children's Hospital.All the pregnant women should undergo interventional prenatal diagnosis for fetal chromosome abnormalities,and should be followed up for three months after the expected delivery date.The correlation between absent or hypoplastic fetal nasal bone and chromosome abnormalities,and the effects of complicating structural defects were analyzed by descriptive analysis and the Chi-square test.Results Of the 187 pregnant women,126 underwent interventional prenatal diagnostic tests,and fetal chromosome abnormalities were detected in 36 cases (28.6％),including 26 cases (20.6％) of trisomy 21,6 cases (4.8％) of trisomy 18,three cases (2.4％) of trisomy 13 and one sex chromosome chimerism.In the 126 cases received prenatal diagnosis,the incidence of chromosome abnormalities in fetuses without other structural defects was significantly lower than that with structural defects [12.7％ (8/63) vs 44.4％ (28/63),x2=15.556,P=0.000].Among 63 cases without other structural defects,seven fetuses were confirmed to have chromosome abnormalities in 14 women with high risk by Down syndrome screening,no chromosome abnormalities were found in 39 pregnant women with low risk by Down syndrome screening,and one sex chromosome chimerism was found in the other ten women who did not undergo Down syndrome screening.Absent or hypoplastic nasal bone detected in the first trimester resulted in a higher risk of chromosome abnormalities than that detected in the second and the third trimester [25.5％ (28/110) vs 10.4％ (8/77),x2=6.613,P=0.007].Conclusions When a fetus is found to have absent or hypoplastic nasal bone,it is necessary to perform Down syndrome screening and a detailed morphology scan.Women shown to have fetuses with absent or hypoplastic nasal bone with other structural defects or high risk by Down syndrome screening should undergo prenatal diagnostic tests to exclude fetal chromosome abnormalities.