In the current study, a total of nineteen triterpenoids (1-19) from 60% EtOH extracts of Stauntonia obovatifoliola Hayata subsp. intermedia stems were separated and purified by solvent extraction and chromatographic methods including silica gel, ODS as well as preparative HPLC. According to the results of chemical reactions and spectral data, compounds were identified as: lupeol (1), betulinonic acid (2), betulinic acid (3), 3-epi-betulinic acid (4), quinatic acid (5), 24-O-acetyl quinatic acid (6), 3-O-α- L-arabinopyranosyl-30-nor-hederagenin-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 4) -β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 6) -β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (7), Stauntoside A (8), kalopanax saponin A (9), kalopanax saponin J (10), Kizuta saponin K10 (11), 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1--> 2) -α-L-arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin-28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 --> 6) -β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (12), kalopanax saponin B (13), 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 2) -α-L-arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 6) -β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (14), sieboldianoside A (15), septemoside A (16), kalopanax saponin K (17), septemloside I (18), and 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl (1 --> 2)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl- hederagenin (19). Among them, compounds 4, 6, 10, 12, 14, and 16-19 were isolated from the Stauntonia genus for the first time, and compound 6 was a new natural product.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Magnoliopsida ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Triterpenes ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo observe the ability of dengue virus type 1-4 envelope domain III fusion protein to inhibit virus infection and analyze the neutralizing ability of polyclonal antibodies against rE III.

METHODSAfter being connected by linker peptide, E III protein of Dengue virus serotypes 1-4 were expressed in E coli BL21 (DE3) then purified. Fusion proteins were verified by Western Blot and ELISA. Rabbits were immunized with fusion proteins to produce anti-rE III serum. The activity of anti-rE III serum were detected through indirect immunofluorescence assay test. Inhibition of dengue virus type 1 to 4 infection in BHK-21 cells by rE III fusion protein were tested. Neutralizing activity of anti-rE III serum was analyzed.

RESULTSDengue virus type 1 to 4 envelope domain III recombinant fusion protein was expressed in E coli BL21 and purified successfully. Then rE III fusion protein and anti-rE III serum were analyzed respectively and rE III fusion protein can effectively inhibit dengue virus type 1 to 4 from infecting BHK cells. The anti-rE III serums can neutralize dengue virus type 1 to 4 but with different neutralizing titer.

CONCLUSIONDengue virus type 1-4 envelope domain III fusion protein can directly inhibit DV infection. Antibodies induced by rE III fusion proteins can neutralize dengue virus type 1-4.

Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cells, Cultured ; Dengue Virus ; classification ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; Gene Fusion ; genetics ; Gene Products, env ; genetics ; metabolism ; Immunization ; Rabbits ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; pharmacology ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; Virus Replication ; drug effects ; physiology

Objective: To assess the relationship between the characteristic of drug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the syndrome of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in ICU.Methods: The 73 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from sputum specimenpatients of in-patients in our ICU from March 2005 to February 2006.The data of the drug sensitivity test in vitro was analysised.The relation between the syndrome of TCM and drug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was probed.Results: The 73 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were drug resistant to majority kinds of anti-infective except Piperacillin-Tazobactam,Piperacillin,Cefoperazone-Sulbactam,and Amikacin.The mains syndromes of TCM of all patients infected Pseudomonas aeruginosa were deficiency-excess complex(虚实夹杂证) and excess pattern(实证)(97.26%).The mains of deficiency-excess complex(虚实夹杂证) were Qi vacuity and phlegm obstruction(气虚痰阻证)and Yin vacuity internal heat(阴虚热郁证).The mains of excess pattern(实证) were phlegm-heat(痰热郁阻证)and phlegm-stasis(痰瘀互阻证).Conclusions: Combined ?-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycoside antibiotics is the first selection to treat the multidrugresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Indentifing patterns and determining treatment in TCM could be tried in the treatment of patients infected Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of different oxygen therapy technique (different concentrations of normobaric oxygen and the hyperbaric oxygen) on the ultrastructure of cardiac muscle, lung and liver in rats with acute hydrogen sulfide intoxication.

METHODSOne hundred healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control group (A), poisoned group (B), oxygen therapy group (C), oxygen therapy group (D) and oxygen therapy group (E). After the exposure to 300 ppm H2S for 60 min in a static exposure tank (1 m3), the rats were treated with oxygen therapy, C, D and E groups were given 33% oxygen, 50% oxygen of atmospheric oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for 100 min, respectively. The rats in normal control group inhaled air under the same environment. After exposure and therapy, the tissues of lung, heart and liver were observed under light microscope and electron microscope.

RESULTSThe results of light microscope examination showed that the broken and not well aligned cardiac myofilaments, cytoplasmic edema and pyknosis could be seen in group B. The well aligned and clear cardiac myofilaments appeared in group C, D and E. The alveolar hemorrhage, edema and inflammatory cells exudation could not be seen in group A. Alveolar epithelial cell edema, unsmooth alveolar edge and alveolar inflammatory cells exudation could be found in group B. The unsmooth alveolar septal borders and pulmonary edema could be seen occasionally in group C and D, the alveolar inflammatory cells exudation could not be seen in group E. The regular hepatic boards and the uniform hepatic cellular nuclei were found in group A. The disordered hepatic boards, widened cellular gaps and cytoplasmic edema could be seen occasionally in group B. The irregular hepatic boards and ballooning degeneration could be seen in group C and D. The regular hepatic boards and uniform cytoplasm could be found in group E. The results of electron microscope examination indicated that the mitochondrial swelling, autolyzing, fuzzy and breakage of myocardial cells were observed in group B; the clear mitochondrial structure appeared in group E. The apoptosis and organelle vacuole of alveolar epithelial cells could be observed in group B. The relatively normal nuclei of alveolar epithelial cells could be seen in group E. The lax cytoplast structure of hepatocytes, unclear nuclear membrane, lumped chromatin, slightly swelled mitochondria and phagosomes were observed in group B. However, no improved change was observed in group C, D and E.

CONCLUSIONHydrogen sulfide could induce the extensive and severe damage of myocardial mitochondria, alveolar epithelial cells and hepatocytes, the oxygen therapy in good time could reduce significantly the myocardial injury, and improve the lung injury to some extent. High-pressure oxygen therapy is better than the normobaric oxygen therapy.

Animals ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; poisoning ; Hyperbaric Oxygenation ; Liver ; pathology ; Lung ; pathology ; Male ; Myocardium ; pathology ; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy ; Pulmonary Alveoli ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo investigate the adverse effects of high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) therapy, and to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing clinical treatment.

METHODSA retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 120 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or non-Hodgkin lymphoma who underwent 601 times of HDMTX therapy. The adverse effects of various systems were analyzed according to the WHO criteria for the classification of adverse effects of anticancer drugs.

RESULTSAlmost all the children experienced bone marrow suppression, and 93.3% had granulocytopenia. The most common adverse effects in the digestive system and urinary system were elevated glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (60.4%) and proteinuria (9.2%) respectively. For skin symptoms, skin erythema had the highest incidence rate (7.2%). The adverse effects in the nervous system (hyperpathia, numbness of extremities, or headache) were only observed in 7 cases. Serious adverse effects were only seen in the blood system and digestive system. Compared with the 3 g/mmethotrexate (MTX) group, the 5 g/mHDMTX group had a significantly higher 24-hour plasma MTX concentration, significant reductions in hemoglobin and platelet count, and significantly higher incidence rates of oral mucositis, proteinuria, and skin symptoms (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSSerious adverse effects of HDMTX therapy mainly involve the blood system and digestive system, and the adverse effects such as bone marrow suppression, oral mucositis, proteinuria, and skin symptoms occur in a dose-dependent manner.

Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic ; adverse effects ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin ; drug therapy ; Male ; Methotrexate ; adverse effects ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; drug therapy ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the expression of synuclein-γ (SNCG) and metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) both in the invasive ductal breast cancer samples and T47D and T47D(SNCG)- cell lines, to investigate the correlation between SNCG and MMP-9.

METHODSTotally 96 invasive ductal breast cancer samples (female, mean age of (56 ± 8) years) were collected between June 2009 and June 2012. The expressions of SNCG and MMP-9 were investigated by immunohistochemistry. T47D and SNCG knock down T47D(SNCG)- cell lines were established and SNCG and MMP-9 protein expression were investigated by Western blot and gene expression by real-time PCR.

RESULTSAmong 96 samples, 26 (27.1%) of them co-expressed SNCG and MMP-9, 30(31.2%) of them expressed neither SNCG nor MMP-9. The expression of SNCG was correlated with the expression of MMP-9 (r = 0.655, P = 0.000).SNCG mRNA level of T47D cell line was 13.5 fold of T47D(SNCG)- cell line and SNCG protein expression was 2.1 fold. While MMP-9 mRNA level of T47D cell line was 7.3 fold of T47D(SNCG)- cell line and MMP-9 protien expression was 1.6 fold.When SNCG was knocked down, the expression of MMP-9 decreased.

CONCLUSIONSSNCG and MMP-9 are significantly correlated with each other in breast cancer. SNCG may promote the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer mediated by up-regulating the expression of MMP-9.

Aged ; Breast Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Proteins ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; gamma-Synuclein ; metabolism

Endoplasmic reticulum （ER） is an important organelle responsible for protein， steroid， lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and calcium-dependent signal transduction in eukaryotic cells. ER homeostasis is essential for normal cell function. ER homeostasis imbalance can induce ER stress （ERS）， which participates in the occurrence and development of diseases of the digestive system， respiratory system， circulatory system， nervous system， reproductive system， and endocrine system， and affects body health. Among various diseases， cancers seriously endanger people′s health due to its high mortality rate， disability rate， and recurrence rate. Due to the survival characteristics of unlimited proliferation， tumor cells are often exposed to various internal and external stimuli such as hypoxia， ischemia， excessive proliferation， and starvation， which destroy intracellular protein balance and induce ERS to some extent for survival. ERS plays a major role in various tumors and has dual functions in the survival of tumor cells： promoting the survival of tumor cells by activating a series of adaptive responses， while inducing ERS-related apoptosis pathways， so as to promote tumor cell death and inhibit tumor growth and invasion. As multiple functions of ERS in tumors are reported， many scholars have tried to intervene in the progress of tumors from the perspective of ERS. The therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） on tumors has been widely recognized. TCM can participate in the regulation of tumors from many aspects， including ERS， chemoradiotherapy resistance， gastrointestinal adverse reactions caused by chemotherapy， postoperative recurrence and metastasis. Since there are few reports on the antitumor effect of TCM from the perspective of ERS， this paper expounds the influence of ERS on tumorigenesis and development and the progress of TCM intervention in tumor through ERS， in order to provide a new direction for tumor treatment.

OBJECTIVETo observe the ability of dengue virus recombinant envelope protein domain expressed in E. coli to inhibit virus infection and induce the neutralizing antibody.

METHODSE III protein of Dengue virus serotypes 1-4 were expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) then purified. Recombinant proteins were tested to inhibit DV2 from infecting BHK-21 cell. Rabbits were immunized with recombinant proteins to produce anti-E III serum. Antibody titers were determined by neutralizing assay.

RESULTSThe recombinant E III proteins of Dengue virus serotypes 1-4 were expressed in E. coli. They effectively protected BHK cells in culture against DV2 infection. All four type anti-E III sera can neutralize DV2 but their efficacies are different.

CONCLUSIONproteins of dengue virus expressed in E. coli can directly inhibit DV2 infection. Neutralizing antibodies were induced by E III proteins. Both E III protein of dengue virus and the neutralizing antibodies they induced are more efficient in inhibiting homologous dengue serotypes infection than heterologous serotypes.

Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; immunology ; Cell Line ; Cricetinae ; Dengue ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Dengue Virus ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; physiology ; Down-Regulation ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Immunization ; Mesocricetus ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rabbits ; Recombinant Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Virus Replication

OBJECTIVETo secreted express envelope glycoprotein (E) of dengue virus type 2 extracellularly.

METHODSThe entire prM/E gene was amplified by RT-PCR. An optimized signal sequence gene from Japanese encephalits virus (JEV, SA14-14-2 strain) was introduced using fusion PCR. The impact of E protein transmembrane and cytoplasmatic domains was compared by amplifying prM and E with full length of E gene, with 20% truncation of the E gene at 3' terminus and one chimeric gene, which was generated by replacing the 3' terminal 20% region of E gene with the corresponding sequence of JEV (SA14-14-2 strain). The PCR segments were inserted into the NheI and NotI sites of pcDNA5/FRT vector or into the NheI and XhoI sites of pAcUW51-M. Then they were transfected into 293T cells or Sf9 cells respectively. The expression and secretion of E protein were detected by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western Blot.

RESULTSAfter transected into 293T cells or Sf9 cells, all constructs expressed E protein intracellularly indentified by IFA while only two plasmids could secret detectable E protein into tissue culture using Western Blot analysis.

CONCLUSIONSignal peptide as well as the transmembrane and cytoplasmatic domains is crucial for the secretion of dengue E protein.

Animals ; Cell Line ; Dengue ; metabolism ; virology ; Dengue Virus ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Transport ; Spodoptera ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism